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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 

Professor  Roland  D.  Hussey 


Soldier  and  Servant  Series,  Xo.  2:i,June,  1900. 


JAPAN 


AND   THE 


NIPPON  SEI   KOKWAI 


THK    H(JI.Y    CATHOLIC    CHIKCH    ()[•    JAPAN) 


A  Sketch  of  the  Work  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church 


By  EDWARD  ABBOTT 

RECTOR  OF  ST.  JAMES'S  PARISH,  CAMBRIDGE,  MASS. 


CHURCH  MISSIONS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

211  State  Street,  Harttord.  Cnnn. 


NOTE. 

This  little  sketch  of  Japan  and  of  the  part  taken  by  the  American  Episco- 
pal Church  in  furthering  the  spread  of  Christianity  in  that  land  has  been  pre- 
pared at  the  request  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Church  Missions  Publishing  Co., 
whose  headquarters  are  at  Hartford,  Connecticut.  It  is  the  fruit  of  several 
years'  interest  in  Japan,  deepened  by  a  personal  visit  in  the  spring  of  1899. 
Acknowledgements  are  due  and  are  herewith  gratefully  made  to  the  Rev.  Dr. 
John  Davis  of  Evansville,  Indiana,  late  of  the  Japan  Mission,  and  to  several 
other  friendly  readers  of  the  manuscript,  for  helpful  criticisms  and  valu- 
able suggestions.  Progress  in  Japan  is  rapid,  and  the  picture  of  yesterday 
will  not  answer  in  all  respects  for  the  picture  of  today,  any  more  than  it  is  safe 
to  sketch  today  the  situation  that  may  exist  tomorrow.  But  this  attempt  may 
serve  a  purpose  for  a  time.  It  is  but  a  sketch  for  an  hour's  reading,  in  the 
hope  that  it  may  help  even  in  some  small  way  to  direct  attention  to  our  work 
in  Japan,  to  widen  interest  in  that  work,  to  raise  up  helpers  of  it  and  means 
to  carry  it  on,  to  increase  prayer  for  the  Bishops,  clergy,  teachers,  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Nippon  Sei  Kokwai,  and  so  to  hasten  the  growth  of  the  Kingdom 
of  God  among  one  of  the  most  attractive  peoples  of  the  earth,  it  is  turned  over 
to  the  press  of  the  Church  Publishing  Society,  and  humbly  commended  to  the 
blessing  of  Almighty  God,  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  that  it  may 
serve  to  the  glory  of  His  HoU'  Name. 

EDWARD  ABBOTT. 

St.Ja»i::s's  Parish,  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  Easter-tide,  A.  D.,  igoo. 


CONTENTS. 

NOTE. (Page?) 

I.  JAPAN  THE  COUNTRY.  ....         (pjgesy-y) 

Japan!  T^^XT 

Dimensions.  ^aie3^ 

Features.  ib  "^  ^  o 

Climate.  ■l9-f\£ 

II.  THE  JAPANESE  PEOPLE.  -            -           -                 (Pages  10-13) 

National  Traits. 
Lile  and  Manners. 
Occupations. 

III.  HISTORY. (Pages  14-18) 

The  Ancient  Period. 
Later  Periods. 

The  Coming  of  the  Foreigner. 
A  Dual  Government. 
National  Organization. 
Commodore  Perry's  Visit. 
Counter  Currents. 
The  Treaties  of  iSgg. 

IV.  RELIGION  IN  JAPAN.  -  -  -  (Pages  19-23) 

Shintoism. 
Buddhism. 
Other  Forms. 
Christianity. 

V.  SOME  CHRISTIAN  DATES  IN  JAPANESE  HISTORY. 

1854.  A  Testament  0\erhoard.  (Pages  24-31) 

189).  The  First  American  Missionaries. 

1864.  riie  Story  of  Neesima. 

1866.  Ihe  First  Missionary  Bishop. 

1 86c;.  Two  New  Forces. 

1872.  The  First  Organized  Congregation. 

1872.  A  United  Conference. 

1873.  The"S.  P.  G." 

1874.  Tlie  First  Bishop  of  Japan. 
1876.  The  "  First  Day  of  the  Week." 
1879.  A  Prayer  Book. 

1883.  Bishop  Poole. 

1887.  riie  Nippon  Sei  Kokw.ii. 

189}.  New  Dioceses. 

1896.  Tile  Missionary  Army. 

iQoo.  Statistics. 


893955 


4  JAPAN    AND    THK    NII'I'ON    Si:i    KOKWAI 

VI.  THB  UIOCESE  OF  TOKYO.  -  -  -       (Pages  32-47) 

Two  Dioceses. 

The  City  of  Tokyo. 

To  Tsukiji. 

Trinity  Divinity  Sciiool. 

St.  Paul's  College. 

St.  Margaret's  School. 

Holy  Trinity  Orphanage. 

Grace  Mission. 

The  Diocese  of  Tokyo. 

Aomori 

Nikko. 

VII.  THE  DIOCESE  OF  KYOTO.  -  -  -     (Pages  48-61) 
The  City  of  Kyoto. 

Holy  Trinity  Cathedral. 

St.  Agnes's  School. 

Needs  of  St.  Agnes. 

Work  at  St.  Agnes. 

Bishop  Williams. 

The  Doshisha. 

Otsu. 

Osaka. 

Church  Work  in  Osaka. 

The  Widely  Loving  Society 

Nara. 

Wakayama. 

VIII.  MISSIONARY  TABLE.  -  -  -  (Pages  62-64) 
Missionary  Jurisdiction  of  Tokyo. 

Missionary  Jurisdiction  of  Kyoto. 

IX.  MISCELLANY.  ....  (Pages  65-66) 

A  Year's  Work. 

"  Have  We  a  Mission  in  Japan  ?" 

The  Japanese  Prayer  Book. 

A  Meeting  of  a  Synod. 

"The  Church  in  Japan." 

X.  SOME  GENERAL  IMPRESSIONS       -  -  (Pages  67-69) 
XL     "SOME  THINGS  JAPANESE."                                -      (Pages  70-71) 


LLUSTRATIONS 


The  Bishops  of  ihe  Nippon  Sei  Kokwai, 

Map  of  Japan,  .  -  -  - 

Japanese  Children, 

Blind  Beggar,  .  .  .  - 

Toy  Maker,  .... 

Bronze  Buddiia,  .  .  -  . 

Pilgrims  to  Sacred  Mountain, 

Approach  to  Japanese  Temple, 

Temple  Grounds,  Japan, 

Japanese  Edicts  against  Christians, 

Little  Nursery  Maids, 

Trinity  Cathedral,  Tokyo, 

Japanese  Kago,  .  .  .  - 

Bishop  McKim,  .... 

Kindergarten,  Oji  Holy  Trinity  Orplianage, 

Royal  Castle  in  Tokyo, 

Winter  Travel  in  Aomori, 

Red  Lacquer  Bridge,  Nikko, 

Japanese  Teacher  and  Mission  Day  School,  Osak, 

Old  Matron  of  St.  John's  Orphanage, 

Letter  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Junior  Auxiliary, 

Japanese  Girls  at  Work, 

Lion  Guardians  of  the  Gate,  Japan, 


Fronti 


1, 
Osaka. 


SDiece 
ige  6 
1 1 

12 

n 
14 

20 
21 
22 
24 
32 
U 
36 
37 
40 
42 
44 
46 
S4 
57 
59 
68 
7t 


MAP   OF   JAPAN 


I.     JAPAN  THE  COUNTRY. 

Japan! — Is  there  anotlier  t^eoiirapliical  term  that  presents 
to  the  imagination  another  such  picture  as  the  word  Japan." 

Kngland,  Paris.  Greece,  Rome,  these  names  likewise  affect 
the  imagination,  and  each  calls  up  before  the  mind  a  variety 
of  scenes  and  associations  which  are  full  of  interest  :  England, 
the  romance  of  history,  the  flower  of  character,  the  spread  of 
empire  ;  Paris,  brilliancy,  gaiety,  pleasure  :  Greece,  the  per- 
fections of  antiquity  ;  Rome,  age.  power,  splendor,  ecclesias- 
tical domain,  japan  stands  for  something  different  from  all 
of  these,  and  in  some  ways  a  good  deal  more,  though  in  most 
ways  on  a  smaller  scale,  l^ut  for  situation,  for  scenerw  for 
venerable  years  and  bounding  youth,  for  possessions  and  am- 
bitions, for  actual  performance  and  for  hopeful  promise,  Japan 
is  almost  by  itself  among  the  nations.  "Unique"  means  the 
only  one  of  the  kind.  Japan  is  "  unicpie."  There  is  only  one 
Japan. 

Dimensions. — Take  the  State  of  California,"  cut  from  the 
end  of  it  a  ])iece  as  big  as  the  State  of  Maryland.-'  move  it 
almost  directly  due  west  across  the  Pacific  Ocean  for  a  dis- 
tance <)f  nearly  five  thousand  miles,  until  it  is  within  two  days' 
easy  sail  b)'  steam  of  the  Asiatic  coast,  turn  it  upside  down 
and  over  to  the  left  so  that  its  longer  a.xis  will  run  from  north- 
east to  southwest,  break  it  up  into  one  large  island,  three 
smaller  ones,  and  several  hundreds  if  not  thousands  of  islets 
too  small  and  too  sterile  to  be  inhabited,  then  empty  into  it 
half  the  po])ulation  of  the  United  States  of  America.'*  ami 
you  h.i\e  J  apan.  ' 

'  Are;i  nt  Ciliturnia  158.25?  square  miles. 
-Area  of  Maryland  12,297  square  miles. 
^'Estim.iled  popul;ilion  in  igoo,  8o,coo,ooo. 

'Area  ot  Jap.iii  147, 66()  square  miles.  H^tim.iteJ  ptesrnt  pnpiii.itidn 
44.oco.oco. 


8  jAl'AN    AND     I'lIK    Ml'I'ON    SKI     KOKWAI 

Features. — Topo<j;i'aphically  Japan  is  a  land  of  varied, 
picturesque,  and  beautiful  features.  Its  coast  line  is  boldly 
indented.  A  spacious  "  inland  sea."  broad  bays,  deep  inlets, 
commanding  headlands,  noble  lakes, occasional  rivers,  fine  moun- 
tain ranges,  at  least  one  lofty  and  snowy  peak,  and  innumer- 
able waterfalls,  unite  with  green  and  fertile  plains  and  richlj- 
wooded  valleys, with  rocky  island  outposts  and  steaming  craters, 
with  endless  stretches  of  irrigated  rice  fields  and  avenues  of 
flowering  cherry  trees  and  towering  cryptomerias,  with  quaint 
temples,  pagoda-like  castles,  and  timbered  villages  browned 
with  age  and  storm,  to  make  up  prospects  which  are  unlike 
those  presented  in  any  other  land.  And  yet  as  one  stands  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Chuzenji,  for  example,  hemmed  in  among 
its  mountain  guards  high  up  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  he 
might  think  himself  almost  in  the  heart  of  Switzerland,  or,  as 
he  traverses  the  thickly  populated  and  carefully  cultivated 
plains  below,  he  might,  except  for  the  bare-legged  and  um- 
brella-capped peasants  at  work  in  the  rice  fields,  think  he  was 
in  one  of  the  garden  centres  of  England.  There  are  times 
when  Japan  trembles  with  the  earthquake,  and  there  have 
beeii  disastrous  visitations  from  this  cause  ;  among  her  vol- 
canic mountains  a  few  are  active,  and  there  have  been  erup- 
tions which  have  caused  heavy  loss  of  life  and  property  ;  the 
dreaded  typhoon  occasionally  sweeps  along  her  rocky  wooded 
shores  and  even  rolls  up  the  tidal  wave  over  farms  and 
villages  that  lie  too  near  the  sea  ;  but  these  are  exceptions  to 
the  generally  even  and  tranquil  course  of  nature  in  this  fair 
land  upon  which  the  heavens  smile,  and  around  which  the 
waters  of  the  Pacific  gather  their  deepest  blue.  It  is  a  land 
of  harmonies  and  charms,  a  paradise  for  artists  and  the  poet's 
theme. 

Qimate. — It  would  be  difficult  in  a  single  paragraph  to 
give  a  just  idea  of  the  climate  of  Japan.  The  principal 
islands  stretch  for  a  thousand   miles   or    more  from  the  north- 


JAPAN    AND     rilK    MII'ON    SEI    KOKWAI  9 

east  to  the  southwest,  from  the  latitude  of  Montreal  to  that 
of  Charleston,  and  exhibit  corresponding  variations  of  tem- 
perature which  are  often  trying  to  the  stranger.  In  the 
extreme  northeast  as  in  the  extreme  southwest  extremes  of 
cold  and  heat  are  naturally  to  be  met  with,  while  in  the  mid- 
dle portions  of  the  great  middle  island,  taking  Tokj-o  and 
Kyoto,  for  example,  as  centres,  neither  the  winters  nor  the 
summers  would  be  found  unpleasant  or  unhealthful.  though 
there  migiit  be  days  in  each  season  which  woultl  test  one's 
temper  a  little.  There  is  a  rainy  time  in  summer,  and  the 
dampness  of  parts  of  Japan  is  not  favorable  to  some  Eurojjean 
constitutions  and  is  injurious  to  man\'  fabrics.  Mildew  is  an 
enemy  to  which  the  visitor  has  to  become  accustomed.  An)' 
where  in  central  Japan  there  will  be  winter  days  when  one 
will  want  his  warmest  clothing,  and  summer  tlays  when  he 
will  be  glad  of  his  thinnest  clothing,  and  the  Asiatic  sun  is 
always  to  be  guarded  against  everywhere  in  the  east.  Those 
who  regulate  their  sensations  b}'  the  thermometer  will  make 
a  note  of  the  fact  that  the  average  temperature  of  the  coldest 
month,  January,  at  Tokyo,  is  36^  or  37'';  that  of  August  at 
the  same  point  7S  . 


II.     THE  JAPANESE  PEOPLE. 

National  Traits. — The  Japanese  people  fit  their  home. 
They  arc  interesting,  amiable,  attractive.  In  stature  they  are 
short  and  small  and  light.  Their  complexion  has  just  a  warm 
richness  of  the  blood  that  goes  well  with  their  jet  black  hair. 
Intellectually  they  are  bright,  quick,  keen.  Their  perceptive 
faculties  are  remarkably  developed,  and  from  an  early  age. 
They  have  exceptional  powers  of  imitation,  adaptation,  assim- 
ilation. They  are  politeness  itself,  but  the  astute  critic  will 
perhaps  claim  that  a  difference  between  "politeness"  and 
"  courtesy  "  is  illustrated  in  the  Japanese  character.  It  is  a 
lesson  to  many  a  careless,  blunt,  inconsiderate  American  as  he 
hurries  through  Japan  to  see  the  slow  deliberate  seriousness 
with  which  the  people  greet  and  salute  one  another  on  meet- 
ing and  parting  in  the  house  or  on  the  street,  the  studied 
nicety  with  which  the  young  women  engage  in  a  "  ceremonial 
tea."  the  genial  ease  with  which  all  invariably  treat  the  stran- 
ger, their  punctilious  respect  for  rank  and  form  and  conven- 
tion and  precedent  ;  while  the  resident  American  or  European, 
with  whom  the  novelties  of  Japanese  life  have  worn  away, 
and  who  has  come  more  in  contact  with  the  hard  facts  under 
the  smiling  surface,  sees  sometimes  a  difTerent  side  of  the 
national  character.  The  Japanese  children  are  pictures;  the 
women  are  works  of  art  ;  the  men  are  gravity,  dignity,  affabil- 
ity, united  in  formality  of  expression.  The  streets  in  the 
cities  and  towns  that  are  likely  to  be  included  in  an  ordinary 
tour  are  wide  and  clean  compared  with  those  of  China,  and 
the  homes  as  you  pass  them  by  have  a  tidy  and  well-kept 
look.  The  bath  is  a  national  delight,  and  bodily  neatness  a 
habit  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation  ;  as  to 
neatness  in  other  respects  judgment  is  reserved.  The  people 
handle  everything  with  an  artistic   touch    and    do   everything 


JAJ\'\N    AND    THK    XIII'ON    sEI    KOKUAI 


I  I 


with  an  artistic  turn.  If  it  is  a  basket  that  is  in  question,  it 
must  be  a  pretty  basket,  one  that  makes  the  stranger  remark 
at  once  upon  its  tastefulness.  If  it  is  a  hanging  shelf  in  the 
dwelling,  or  a  door  in  the  counting  room,  or  a  box  to  hoUl 
sweetmeats,  or  a  string  with  which  to  tie  up  a  bundle,  it  alike 
illustrates  what  Ruskin  has  called  "  ornamental  construction.'" 
The  Japanese  house  is  like  a  doll  house  it  is  true,  but  there  is 
a  singular  charm  about  its  interior.  The  Japanese  farm  is 
laid   out   like   a    checker-boarti,    or    a    "  cra/.)--quilt,"    but    the 


.lAI'ANKsK    nill.DHKN 


"squares" — the  "pieces" — are  put  together  with  unfailing  in- 
genuity and  an  effect  that  delights  the  eye. 

Life  and  Manners.  A  consitlerable  proportion  of  the 
Japanese  are  fishermen,  and  the  food  of  a  great  niajorit\-  is 
fish  and  rice.  The  bath  is  their  delight  and  they  take  it  hot. 
Married  women  once  blackened  their   teeth   with   an  artificial 


12 


lAl'AN    AND    TIIK    XIPI'ON    SKI    KOKWAI 


Stain.  The  men  make  good  soldiers  and  fair  sailors.  The 
standard  of  morality  as  between  the  sexes  has  not  been  high, 
and  stability,  steadfastness,  truthfulness,  integrity,  and  honor 
have  yet  to  be  developed  as  traits  of  the  national  character.  As 
a  people  they  are  industrious,  social,  playful,  domestic  in  their 
taste,  fond  of  their  children,  devoted  to  music  (of  a  kind),  and 
to  dancing  and  the  theatre  (also  of  a  kind) ;  are  dexterous  in  all 
mechanical   pursuits  and   greatly   given    to   tea,  tobacco,  and 

sake,    the    latter   being  an  intoxicat- 
"^  ing   drink    made  of    rice,    which   in- 

'  cites,  however,  more  to  jollity  than 

to  violent  deeds.  Drunkenness  after 
the  American  style  is  practically  not 
seen  by  the  casual  visitor,  and  public 
brawls  or  disorder  are  unknown. 
The  dress  of  men  and  women  is 
much  alike;  that  of  students  is  dis- 
tinctive. For  much  of  the  time  the 
head  goes  bare,  and  finds  protection 
from  the  summer's  sun  by  means  of 
umbrellas  and  parasols.  As  in  China 
the  national  color  may  be  said  to  be 
blue  ;  the  blue  dye  of  the  "  kimona," 
the  national  garment,  is  as  distinctive 
throughout  Japan  as  is  the  red  fez 
of  the  Turk  on  the  Bridge  of  Galata  at  Constantinople.  The 
stocking  is  a  mitten,  the  shoes  are  a  wooden  clog,  and  the  Japa- 
nese bares  his  feet  as  we  bare  our  head  on  going  indoors.  In 
stormy  weather  the  peasant  thatches  himself  with  a  "  rain 
coat'"  made  of  straw;  on  wet  and  slippery  mountain  paths  he 
stays  his  feet  with  straw  sandals;  his  trusty  weapon  is  a  fan 
which  in  hot  weather  he  is  always  waving. 


.1.  ni^tii  '■     i»  -       — ""fc^ 


BLIND     BEGGAK 


Occupations. — When  the  Japanese  is  not  a  fisherman,  he 


JAPAN    AM)    TIIK    MIl'OX    SKI    KoKWAI  13 

is  generally  a  rice  grower,  or  if  he  li\es  in  the  city  a  metal 
worker,  a  cabinet  maker,  a  potter,  a  weaver,  a  producer  of 
cunning  cloisonne,  or  a  deft  and  indefatigable  artisan  or  man- 
ufacturer along  some  one  of  a  hundred  other  lines  of  curious 
and  fascinating  handiwork.     And  what  he  does  with  his  hands 


'J? 


TOY    MAKKK 


he  can  do,  if  he  chooses  to,  with  an  almost  inimitable  skill. 
His  taste,  his  experience  with  and  knowledge  of  tools  and 
methods,  his  manual  dexterity,  the  accuracy  of  his  e\'e.  the 
deftness  of  iiis  touch,  the  precision  of  his  sense  of  {proportion 
and  contrast,  make  him  a  leader  among  the  artificers  of  the 
world. 


III.     HISTORY. 


The  Ancient  Period. — Jai)an  has  a  history.  Its  ancient 
history  has  a  mythological  beginning,  its  modern  history  reads 
almost  like  a  chapter  out  of  the  Arabian  Nights.  In  some 
sense  the  Scriptural  prediction  of  "a  nation  born  in  a  day" 
has  been  fulfilled  in  the  case  of  Japan.  In  a  maze  of  legends 
is  to  be  found  the  story  of  its  origin  ages  and  ages  ago. 
There  are  annals  purporting  to  date  back  to  a  time  a  few  cen 
turies  before  the  coming  of  Our  Lord  to  be  the  Redeemer  of 
the  world,  the  times,  to  speak  approximately,  of  Manasseh 
and  Jeremiah  and  Josiah,  of  Nebuchadnezzar.  Cambyses  and 
Cyrus;  but  they  are  of  questionable  authority,  and  for  any- 
thing like  connected  history  we  must  begin  far  later  down. 

Later  Periods.  —  It    was   some    five    or    six    hundred    years 
after  Christ  when  the   first   Chinese  currents   found   their  way 

through  Corea  to  Japan,  bringing 
scholarship,  literature  and  religion. 
Buddha  was  enthroned,  gold  was 
discovered,  some  order  was  intro- 
duced into  government  and  society  ; 
money  was  coined,  art  came  into 
practice,  a  nobility  arose,  and  in  time 
the  imperial  power  suffered  a  divi- 
sion. By  this  the  "Mikado"  was 
left  the  spiritual  head,  the  "Shogun" 
became  the  military  head,  of  the 
nation.  Rivalries  resulted  in  con- 
diets,  internal  disorders  were  fol- 
lowed by  foreign  wars,  andonly 
within  comparatively  recent  times  did 
peace  settle  down  upon  the  land. 
Through  the  seventeenth  and  eieht 


BHON7.K    HUUDIIA 


lAI'AX    AM)     IHK    MI'IfiN    SKI    KOKWAI  1 5 

ccnth  centuries,  and  for  the  larger  part  of  the  nineteenth,  the 
land  had  rest,  and  prosperity  ensued.  The  great  international 
hero  whose  personality  dominates  this  scene,  and  the  shadow 
of  whose  name  and  influence  lies  across  it  like  that  of  some 
•.gigantic  cryptomeria  across  one  of  its  sunlit  fields,  is  lyeyasu. 
the  soldier  chieftain,  who  discomfited  all  his  enemies,  concen- 
trated the  forces  of  the  empire  in  his  own  hands,  and  organized 
the  nation  on  a  substantial  basis  and  broad  lines.  For  more 
than  two  centuries  and  a  half,  (ir  practically  until  Commodore 
Perry  brought  about  the  "open  door,"  Japan  was  ruled  by 
the  dynasty  l\"eyasu  fouiided. 

The  Coming^  of  the  Foreigner.  —  So  far  as  known  Marco 
Polo,  the  great  X'cnetian  traveler  of  the  thirteenth  centurw 
was  the  first  Eluropean  to  learn  from  hearsay  of  Japan.  This 
was  in  the  course  of  visits  to  Tartary.  Mongolia  and  the 
Chinese  border.  About  the  middle  of  the  si.xteenth  centur_\- 
the  Portuguese  were  the  first  actually  to  set  European  foot 
upon  Japanese  shores.  Dazzling  reports  were  brought  away 
by  these  pioneers,  and  the  enterprise  of  commerce  sprang  to 
its  new  opportunity.  The  centur\'  had  not  ended  before  the 
Dutch  East  India  Company  had  its  ships  on  the  way  to  the 
new  Eldorado  to  open  ports,  plant  factories  and  establish 
trade,  and  in  a  generation  the  Portuguese  had  retired  and 
the  Dutch  were  left  in  the  possession  of  a  field  which  the)' 
practically  monopolized  and  controlled  for  two  centuries  to 
come. 

A  Dual  Government.  1\\'  this  time  the  government  of 
Japan  had  fully  de\eloped  its  dual  character.  In  the  sacred 
cit\'  of  Kyoto,  surrounded  b\-  his  nobles,  and  in  some  sort  of 
mysterious  seclusion,  lived  the  "Mikado,"  the  emperor,  as 
believed  of  divine  descent,  the  august  and  serene  centre  and 
source  of  honor,  rank,  and  power.  In  the  other  capital,  \'edo, 
lived    the  "Shogun."   the    militar\'    ruler,    the    commander-in- 


l6  JAPAN    AN1>     rilK    XllM'ON    SKI    KOKWAI 

chief,  nominally  the  lieutenant  of  the  Mikado,  but  in  fact  his 
superior  because  of  his  arm  of  force.  Around  him  stood  the 
daimios,  or  feudal  lords,  graded,  tributary,  and  ruled  with  a 
rod  of  iron. 

National  Orgfanization. — Under  these  two  heads  the  so- 
cial and  political  organization  of  Japan  was  complete,  com- 
pact, and  cohesive.  Every  Japanese  head  of  a  family  was  re- 
sponsible for  his  own.  Of  every  group  of  five  families  each 
member  was  responsible  for  each  of  the  others.  From  the 
lower  orders  ranks  rose  in  regular  degrees  with  sharply  defined 
lines  of  demarcation  and  obvious  insignia  of  differences. 
Farmers,  mechanics,  actors,  beggars,  and  tanners,  for  example, 
could  only  wear  one  sword  ;  the  nobles,  the  daimios,  the 
priests,  the  samurai,  the  officials,  might  wear  two.  Thus  the 
entire  population  was  classified,  labelled,  policed,  watched, 
and  under  discipline,  and  the  centuries  of  their  history  under 
such  a  system  as  this  doubtless  have  had  much  to  do  with  the 
exceptional  development  of  the  popular  sense  for  organization 
and  administration.  "  Red  tape"  flourishes  in  an  atmosphere 
like  this,  and  in  some  ways  Japan  is  the  most  highly  governed 
among  the  nations  of  today. 

Commodore  Perry^s  Visit. — Such  was  the  Japan  to  which 
the  United  States  Government  despatched  an  expedition  in 
1852  to  demand  protection  for  American  sailors  wrecked  on 
its  inhospitable  coasts,  and  if  possible  to  effect  a  treaty  which 
should  open  some  ports  to  American  vessels  for  facilities  in 
the  way  of  supplies  and  trade.  This  was  the  famous  expedi- 
tion of  which  Commodore  Perry  was  in  charge.  In  February, 
1854,  Commodore  Perry,  in  command  of  a  fleet  of  seven  men- 
of-war,  entered  Yokohama,  the  harbor  of  Yedo,  now  Tokyo, 
and  dropped  his  anchors.  This  visit  followed  one  made  in  the 
previous  year  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  a  letter  to  the 
Shogun  from  the  President  of  the  United  States.     With  tact 


JAPAN    AND     IHK    NIl'l'ON    SEI    KOKWAI  1 7 

and  consideration  Commodore  Perry  accomplished  his  pur- 
pose, and  by  the  Treaty  of  Kanagawa,  a  fishing  village  lying 
between  Yedo  and  Yokohama,  a  treaty  really  signed  at  the 
latter  point,  and  bearing  date  of  March  31,  1854,  the  ports  of 
Shimoda  and  Hakodate  were  opened  as  harbors  of  refuge, 
supply,  trade,  and  consular  residence. 

New  Treaties. —  In  September  of  the  same  vear  a  British 
fleet  under  the  command  of  Sir  James  Stirling  entered  the 
harbor  of  Nagasaki  and  concluded  a  similar  treaty.  The  Rus- 
sians quickly  followed  in  behalf  of  their  interests,  and  then 
the  Dutch.  Standing  upon  the  vantage  ground  thus  gained, 
and  not  satisfied  with  what  had  been  won.  Mr.  Townsend 
Harris  for  the  United  States  and  Lord  Elgin  for  Great  Britain, 
both  at  Yedo,  in  1858,  concluded  new  treaties  by  which  the 
wedge  of  privilege  and  opportunity  was  driven  further  in.  By 
1874  treaties  were  in  force  not  only  between  these  two  for- 
ward nations  and  Japan,  but  with  Prussia,  Portugal,  France, 
Spain,  Switzerland,  Italy,  Austria,  Greece,  Denmark.  Norway 
and  Sweden,  Hawaii,  China,  and  Peru.  And  in  1860  a  Japanese 
Embassy,  the  first  ever  sent  out.  visited  the  United  States 
and  was  received  with  all  the  signs  of  a  great  sensation  in 
New  York  and  Washington.  This  was  the  occasion  of  the 
advent  of  "  Japanese  Tommy,"  who  was  the  hero  of  the  hour. 

Counter  Currents.  This  diplomatic  forcing  of  '"the  open 
door"  created  the  liveliest  interest  throughout  the  civilized 
world,  intense  excitement  throughout  the  secluded  precinct 
of  Japan,  and  indignation  at  Kyoto.  Politic.il  disturbances 
ensued  which  quickly  ran  into  violent  encounters,  assassina- 
tion, the  array  of  opposing  forces,  and  civil  war  between  the 
adherents  respectively  of  the  Mik.uloand  the  Shoguii.  As  a 
result  of  this  final  contlict  the  Mikado  was  left  master  of  the 
situation  and  of  the  empire.  Hut  the  e.xisting  order  of  things 
was  not  seriously  affected.      The  em})eror  ami  his  advisers  ac- 


i8  JAPAN  AM)    rill-;  Mri'ox  ski    kokwai 

cepted  the  new  order  with  an  extraordinary  change  of  front, 
their  eyes  rapidly  opening  to  the  light  streaming  in  from  the 
west.  The  government,  now  united  and  centralized  in  the 
emperor,  was  transferred  to  Yedo,  which  had  received  its  new 
name  Tokyo — Kyoto  spelled  otherwise — in  1868,  and  with  one 
foot,  at  least,  Japan  began  to  "  mark  time  "  with  the  march  of 
the  nations  of  the  west.  Yokohama,  Kobe,  Osaka,  Nagasaki, 
Hakodate  and  Niigata  became  the  "open  ports,"  with  Tokyo 
b}'  courtes}',  within  which  "foreigners"  might  reside,  and 
within  a  moderate  radius  of  which  they  might  travel  without 
passports.  Upon  compliance  with  certain  formalities  foreign- 
ers were  allowed  privileges  of  travel  in  the  interior.  To  consular 
courts  was  secured  jurisdiction  of  cases  in  which  foreigners 
were  concerned,  diplomatic  relations  were  cordially  establish- 
ed, and  Japan  entered  on  that  unique  career  of  progress 
in  all  things  political,  commercial,  industrial  and  material  by 
which  in  one  generation  she  has  in  many  ways  caught  up  with 
nations  that  were  at  least  a  hundred  years  ahead. 

The  Treaties  of  ld>99. — Upon  the  basis  of  these  relations 
Japan  continued  until  the  summer  of  1899.  when  new  treaties 
went  into  effect  by  which  all  barriers  between  her  and  the 
nations  of  the  west  were  removed,  the  whole  country  was 
thrown  freely  open  to  travel,  residence,  and  trade,  the  consu- 
lar courts  were  abolished,  and  the  empire,  but  yesterday  a 
feudal  barbarism,  with  all  its  fair  and  fertile  territor}',  its  bright 
and  busy  millions,  its  large  resources  and  varied  accomplish- 
ments, its  wealth,  ambition,  and  "faculty,"  takes  an  honored 
and  equal  p[ace  in  the  same  great  family  with  the  United 
States  of  America,  Great  Britain,  France,  Germany  and  Rus- 
sia. The  whole  story  is  a  national  transformation,  one  of  the 
consummations  of  history. 


IV.     RELIGION   IN  JAPAN. 

Shintoism.  -Again  any  attempt  to  picture  the  native  re. 
ligions  of  Japan  in  a  paragraph  or  two  must  result  in  a  mea- 
ger showing  if  not  in  a  misleading  impression.  Shintoism 
was  the  original  religion  of  the  country,  and  still  widely  pre- 
vails, but  is  largely  influenced  by  Buddhism.  Temples  of 
pure  Shintoism.  like  temples  of  pure  liuddhism,  are  relati\ely 
rare  in  Japan  today.  For  substance,  and  in  its  puritv,  .Shinto- 
ism is  a  combination  of  nature-worship  and  ancestor-worship. 
The  elements  and  objects  of  the  material  universe  are  deified 
in  countless  numbers.  The  architecture  of  the  temples  is 
simple,  the  characteristic  feature  being  always  a  peculiar  form 
of  gateway  which  is  easily  to  be  recognized.  As  a  rule  the 
people  do  not  take  any  part  in  the  Shinto  worship,  and  the 
priests  are  hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  laymen  except  at 
the  times  of  sacrifice,  when  they  do  put  on  official  dress.  The 
sacrifices  consist  of  fish,  fruits,  and  vegetables,  and  the  flesh 
of  some  animals.  There  is  no  attempt  whatever  at  moral 
teaching. 

Buddhism. — This  is  .m  exotic  in  Japan,  having  been  im- 
ported by  way  of  Corea  something  like  1300  years  ago.  It 
speedily  proved  a  formidable  rival  to  Shintoism,  and  now  has 
a  large  ami  influential  constituency,  affected  as  it  is  to  some 
extent  by  the  atmosphere  of  Shintoism.  The  Buddhist  tem- 
ples, such  as  they  are,  are  everywhere,  and  its  robed  priests 
are  common  figures  in  the  town  and  country.  Buddhism  is 
perhaps  the  most  formidable  among  the  positive  antagonists 
with  which  Christianity  has  to  contend  in  Japan.  This  not 
only  because  of  its  intrinsic  subtlety,  its  lofty  ideals  of  charac- 
ter and  conduct,  and  its  powerful  hold  uj)on  the  native  intel- 
lect and  sympathies,  but  also  because  of  its  progressive  spirit 
and  its  disposition   to   adopt    or   adapt    mucli   of   the    best    in 


20 


lAPAN    AND     IIII-:    Niri'ON    SKI    KOKWAf 


modern  ideas,  and  so  to   keep   "abreast   of  the   times."     The 
attention  which  the   Buddhists  are  now  paying  to  the  "  organ- 


'~*^ii^ 


I'lMiKIMf^     lO    SACKED    MiU  NTAIN 


ization  of  charity"  after  the  models  of  the  west  is  an   illustra- 
tion of  its  temper  and  movement. 


[AI'AN    AM)    THK    M1'I'()\    SKI    KoKWAI 


21 


Other  Forms.  From  Shintoisni  and  Buddhism  the  de- 
scent is  easy  to  an  almost  endless  varietx'  of  modified  "sects" 
and  "  denominations,"  each  of  which  has  its  devotees,  its  god. 
or  goddess,  its  temple,  and  its  ritual.  Prominent  if  not  chief 
among  these  subordinate  forms  is  the  worship  of  Inari,  or  the 
fox,  as  to  whose  sex  there  is  some  confusion   of  ideas,   but   an 


fe 


.AlM'HdACII      ro    .lAl'ANK.XK     IIMI'I.K 


image  of  whom  in  one  form  or  another  i>  al\\a\s  ti>  be  found 
in  temples  dedicated  to  tiie  idol.  One  of  the  most  celebrateil 
and  most  largely  fre(|uented  of  these  fox  temples  in  all  the 
em])ire  is  in  the  cit\'  of  Tokyo,  but  a  short  distance  from 
Trinity  Catliedral.  It  is  said  on  good  authorit)-  tjiat  at  least 
one-fifth  of  the  Japanese  people  worship  nothini^  higher  thaji 
the  fox. 


lAl'AN    AND     rHK    Ml'I'ON    SKI    KoKWAI  23 

Christianity. — The  slender  but  tenacious  thread  of  Christ- 
ianity appears  at  an  early  date  in  the  fabric  thus  wrought  out 
by  political  changes  and  commercial  activities.  Within  the 
limits  of  authentic  history  its  first  interueavings  were  at  the 
hands  of  the  Portuguese  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Close  behind  the  merchants  Cxime  the  missionaries, 
and  foremost  among  these  was  St.  Francis  Xavier.  who 
reached  Japan  by  way  of  Lisbon,  Mozambique,  Socotra,  Goa, 
Ceylon  and  Malacca,  as  early  as  1549,  and  freely  preached  the 
Gospel.  Within  two  years,  three  great  princes  became  Christ- 
ians, and  immense  numbers  of  the  common  people  were  bap- 
tized. A  generation  later  the  Japanese  Christians  were  sending 
a  deputation  to  the  Bishop  of  Rome  to  do  him  honor  with  let- 
ters and  presents,  and  to  signify  their  submission  to  him  as 
the  Head  of  the  Church.  The  developments  of  Christianity 
under  the  condition  of  the  times  were  not,  however,  credita- 
ble to  its  name  or  favorable  to  its  progress,  and  the  banish- 
ment of  those  who  professed  the  new  religion  was  decreed. 
Persecution,  with  the  massacre  of  priests,  only  deepened  the 
antagonism  of  the  Christians,  and  troubles  went  from  bad 
to  worse.  Persecution  was  redoubled  with  horrible  tortures, 
the  Christians  retaliated  by  destroying  the  nati\'e  temples, 
the  Church  in  Japan,  of  distinctly  Portuguese  comple.xion, 
became  most  literally  a  Church  Militant,  and  in  the  end  was 
effectually  stamped  out  by  the  heel  of  armed  force  ami  kej)t 
from  revival  by  edicts  of  the  most  rigorous  character.  The 
•'  notice-boards  "  containing  these  anti-Christian  edicts,  couched 
in  the  severest  terms,  remained  throughout  the  empire  until 
the  seventies. 


/  " 


fril-     -" 


.-..^-iy.y^^*  •  -^'iOfc  '  M  jrr^  jft**«!3MBi«'-*^  « 


AIJ'5I.'''T    l''l'^ff'n""T  '""N"'  f  ■ 


LAW 


ABOVE  I^POHieil 


r.  ruTO 


■■■■■I 


iVtKNMtr-. 


JAPANESE    EDICTS    AGAINST    CHRISTIANS 


V.     SOME  CHRISTIAN   DATES  IN  JAPANESE 
HISTORY. 

1854,  A  Testament  Overboard. —  From  somebody  s  pocket 
— so  goes  the  story'' — on  one  of  the  English  men-of-war  which 
visited  Japan  in  this  year  an  English  Testament  fell  over- 
board, and  came  into  the  hands  of  a  Japanese  gentleman  by 
the  name  of  Wakasa,  who  held  high  office  in  the  island  of 
Kiu-shiu.  Finding  that  there  was  a  Chinese  translation  of 
this  strange  little  book,  he  got  a  copy  of  the  translation  and 
began  to  study  it.     As  a   result   not   only   he    but   a   younger 


"Japan  i-vici  tin-  Japan  Mission  of  the  Cliiircli  .Missionarr  Soi-icir.     Third   Edi- 
tion.    London:     Church  Missionary  Society,  1898.     P.   100. 


JAl'AN    AM)    THH    MI'I'ON    SKI    KdKWAI  2$ 

brotlier  and  three  others  became  interested  in  Christianit\-.  in 
time  sou<,dit  instruction,  grew  in  grace  and  in  the  knowledge 
of  our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ,  and  in  1866,  on  Whit- 
sunday, the  two  brotliers  were  secretly  baptized.  The  edicts 
against  Cliristianit\-  were  still  in  force.  Tliese  are  said  to 
have  been  the  first  Japanese  converts  to  recei\e  baptism  from 
a  Protestant  missionary. 

1859.  The  First  American  Missionaries.  In  tin's  year  there 
arrived  at  Nagasaki  the  Rev.  John  Liggins  and  the  Rev. 
Channing  Moore  Williams,  presbyters  of  the  American  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  Church,  missionaries  of  the  Domestic  and  For- 
eign Missionary  Society  of  that  Church  in  China,  and  the 
first  Prote.>>tant  Christian  missionaries  to  reach  Japan.  Mr. 
Liggins  had  been  four  years  at  work  in  China,  and  took  ad- 
vantage of  the  door  just  then  newly  opened  by  Lord  FJgin's 
Treaty  to  visit  Japan  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  Mr. 
Williams,  a  native  of  Richmond,  Virginia,  a  graduate  of  the 
College  of  William  and  IVLiry  and  of  the  Theological  Sem- 
inary at  Alexandria  in  the  same  State,  had  sailed  for  China  in 
November.  1855.  to  engage  in  mission  work  in  that  empire 
under  the  first  Bishop  Boone,  by  whom  he  was  ordained  to 
the  priesthood  at  Shanghai  in  Januar}-.  1857.  Shortly-  after 
this,  at  the  request  of  the  Foreign  Committee  of  the  Board  of 
Missions,  he  had  been  transferred  to  Japan,  news  of  which 
transfer,  as  well  as  of  his  own  appointment  to  the  same  field, 
reached  the  Rev.  Mr.  Liggins  a  few  days  after  his  arrival  at 
Nagasaki.  To  the  American  Episcopal  Church,  to  the  Do- 
mestic and  I-'oreign  Missionary  Society  of  this  Church,  and 
to  the  Rev.  John  Liggins  and  the  Rev.  Channing  Moore 
Williams,  belongs  therefore  the  credit,  under  Ciod,  of  first 
planting  Protestant  Christian  Missions  in  Japan.  Mr.  Lig- 
gins being  on  the  ground,  at  once  went  to  work  to  study  the 
Japanese  language  for  himself,  to  teach  the  English  language 
to  native  officials,  and  otherwise  to  facilitate  intercommunica- 


26  jAI'AN    AND     TIIK    NIPPON    SKI    KOKWAI 

tion  between  the  two  peoi:)les.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Williams  joined 
hi.s  comrade  in  this  new  field  in  June,  and  in  September  the 
two  were  reinforced  by  a  third,  Dr.  M.  I^rnst  Schmid,  ap- 
pointed a  missionary  physician.  In  October  came  Dr.  Hep- 
burn of  the  American  Presbyterian  Hoard  to  Kanagawa,  who 
was  followed  in  November*  by  two  ministers  and  one  physician 
sent  out  by  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  April  of  the  next  year  came  a  missionary  of  the  Amer- 
ican Free  Baptist  Mission  Society.  In  iS6i  the  support  of 
the  American  missionaries  became  seriously  weakened  through 
the  exigencies  of  our  Civil  war,  and  the  missionaries  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  wrote  to  England  to  the  Church  Missionary 
Society  for  help,  but  their  appeal  was  not  successful.  With 
peace  however  ensuing  at  home  the  work  was  revived. 

J864.  The  Story  of  Neesima. — About  this  time  the  case 
of  Joseph  Neesima,  one  of  those  extraordinary  personal  inci- 
dents which  occasionally  throw  such  a  powerful  light  across 
the  page  of  Christian  history,  did  more  perhaps  than  any- 
thing else  that  had  happened  up  to  that  time  to  direct  the 
attention  of  American  Christians  to  Japan  as  a  field  of  hopeful 
missionary  effort  and  to  arouse  and  concentrate  effort  in  its 
behalf.  Neesima  was  a  young  Japanese,  of  good  family,  who 
had  been  struck  with  these  words  in  a  missionary  publication 
on  geography  :  "  In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heavens  and 
the  earth."  What  did  this  mean  ?  he  asked.  Who  was  this 
"God?"  He  did  not  know  of  any  such  in  Japan;  was  he  to 
be  found  in  America,  whence  this  book  came  ?  He  resolved 
to  go  and  see,  even  though  it  should  be  at  the  peril  of  his  life; 
for  the  law  forbidding  the  Japanese  to  leave  their  country  was 
still  in  force.  He  ran  away,  got  across  to  China,  and  found 
passage  to  America  in  one  of  the  merchant  vessels  belonging  to 

*To  Dr.  Verbeck,  we  are  assured,  the  Japan  of  lo-day  owes  more  than  to 
any  other  foreigner,  hving  or  dead. 


JAI'AN    AND     rilK    NIPPON    SEI     KoKWAI  2/ 

the  Hon.  A I  pile  us  I  lardy,  aCliristian  merchant  prince  of  l^oston. 
"  I  came  all  the  way  to  Boston,"  he  said  to  tiie  captain  of  the 
ship,  "  to  find  God,  and  there  is  no  one  to  tell  me."  The 
captain  took  the  boy  to  the  owner.  Mr.  Hardy  took  him  to 
his  home  and  to  his  heart,  educated  him,  and  saw  him  find  the 
God  for  whom  lie  was  looking.  He  became  a  Christian.  Ten 
years  later  he  went  back  to  his  native  hind  under  the  auspices 
of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  I'oreign  Mis- 
sions, and  founded  the  Doshisha,  a  Christian  college,  at 
Kyoto,  an  institution  which,  after  some  tribulation,  is  now  en- 
tering on  a  new  chapter  of  prosperity  and  usefulness.  The 
romance  of  this  bit  of  history  gave  an  immense  impulse  to  the 
popular  interest  in  Christian  missions  in   Japan. 

1866.  October  3d.  The  First  Missionary  Bishop. On  this 
day,  in  St.  John's  Chapel,  New  York  City,  the  Rev.  Channing 
Moore  Williams  was  duly  consecrated  "  Missionary  Bishop  to 
China  with  Jurisdiction  in  Japan."  Thus  was  the  first  Protest- 
ant missionary  episcopate  given  to  Japan,  the 'first  Bishop 
Boone,  in  succession  to  whom  Bishop  Williams  was  elected 
and  consecrated,  having  been  simply  "  Missionary  Bishop  to 
China." 

J869.  Two  New  Forces.— This  year  saw  two  additional 
mi>sionary  agencies  at  work  in  Japan,  the  Church  Missionary 
Society,  commonly  known  as  "  The  C.  M.  S.,"  at  Nagasaki, 
and  the  American  Board,  commonly  known  as  "The  .A.  B.  C. 
F.  M.,"  at  \'okohama. 

J872.  The  First  Org:anized  Cons?reg:ation.  -In  this  \e.ir 
was  organized  the  first  native  Christian  congregation  in  Japan, 
at  Yokohama,  the  time  being  nearly  a  year  before  the  with- 
drawal of  the  edicts  against  Christianity.  During  the  "  Week 
of  Prayer"  a  number  of  Japanese  students,  who  hail  been  re- 
ceiving instruction  from  the  missionaries,  hail  taken  part  in 
the  meeting  which  resulted  in    this   step,   tiieir   prayers   going 


28  jAI'AN    AND     rilK    M  I'l'ON    SEI    KOKWAI 

up  as  their  tears  fell  that  God  would  "pour  out  His  Spirit  on 
Japan  as  once  He  did  on  the  first  assembly  of  the  Apostles." 
Eleven  converts  united  in  the  new  organization  whose  birth- 
day was  the  loth  of  March,  nine  of  the  eleven  then  and  there 
receiving  Christian  baptism. 

J872.  A  United  Conference.— In  September,  at  Yoko- 
hama, a  united  conference  of  Protestant  missionaries  took 
steps  for  making  a  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 

1873.  The  "S.  P.  G."  -  The  English  Society  fur  the  Prop- 
agation of  the  Gospel  in  Eoreign  Parts,  otherwise  known  as 
"  The  S.  P.  G.,"  began  its  work  at  Tokyo. 

1874.  The  First  Bishop  of  Japan,— At  the  meeting  of  the 
General  Convention  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  of 
the  United  States  held  in  the  autumn  of  this  year,  Bishop 
Williams  was  relieved  of  the  China  Mission,  and  his  title  was 
changed  to  that  of  "  Missionary  Bishop  of  Yedo,  with  Juris- 
diction in  Japan." 

1876.  The  ''First  Day  of  the  Week.''— Previous  to  this 
year  Japan  had  kept  as  a  national  holiday  every  fifth  da\% 
namely  the  1st,  6th,  iith,  i6th,  2ist,  and  26th  of  the  month. 
On  the  1st  of  April  in  this  year  these  holidays  were  abolished 
and  the  first  day  of  each  seven  substituted  in  their  place,  a 
significant  tribute  to  western  influence,  though  not  of  course 
for  religious  reasons.  In  one  sense,  therefore,  and  within  the 
limits  of  the  government  service,  though  not  as  respects  the 
habits  of  the  people  generally,  the  Lord's  Day  is  the  weekly 
Rest  Day  of  Japan. 

J879.  A  Prayer  Book. —The  larger  part  of  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer,  based  upon  the  Anglican  model,  with  varia- 
tions adapted  to  national  use,  and  in  the  Japanese  language,  was 
published  this  year,  under  the  hands  of  the  missionaries  of 
the  English  and  American  societies  ;  the  rest  of  the  work  fol- 
lowing in    1882. 


lAl'AN    AND    THE    NII'|m)N    SKI    KnKWAI  29 

1853.  Bishop  Poole. —  Up  to  tliis  time  the  two  missions 
of  the  Church  of  England  were  under  the  oversight  of  Bishop 
Burdon  of  Victoria,  Hong  Kong.  The  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, Dr.  Benson,  now  placed  upon  the  foundation  which 
had  been  laid  the  previous  year  by  his  predecessor.  Archbishop 
Tait,  the  Rev.  A.  \V.  Poole,  a  C.  M.  S.  missionary  in  South 
India,  as  the  first  English  Bishop  for  Japan  ;  he  was  conse- 
crated October  iS,  but  failing  health  obliged  him  to  desist 
from  his  labors  ten  months  later,  ami  in  iSS;  he  died,  greatl\' 
lamented  even  by  tliose  who  questioned  the  courtesy  and 
propriety  of  the  entrance  of  the  English  episcopate  into  an 
ecclesiastical  province  of  the  American  Churcli.  Ilis  memo- 
rials abide  at  (^sak;i. 

J 887.  The  Nippon  Sei  Kokwai.— This  year  witnessed 
the  gathering  into  one  organization  of  the  native  Christians 
representing  the  fruits  of  the  Church's  several  missions  in 
Japan,  those  namely  of  the  Church  Missionary  Society,  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  and  the  Board  of 
Missions  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church.  The  name  taken 
by  this  organization  is  Nippon  Sei  Kokwai,  meaning  literally 
thej.ipan  Holy  Catholic  Church.  A  Constitution  and  Canons 
were  adopted.  This  is  the  national  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  of  Japan.  It  has  its  own  annual  synod,  and  is  entirely 
independent,  owning  allegiance  to  no  foreign  body,  but  gladly 
accepting  for  the  present  the  jurisdiction  of  foreign  bishops 
.ind  the  fostering  aid  and  watchful  care  of  foreign  missionaricv 
and  teachers. 

1893.  New  Dioceses.  Bishop  Bickersteth,  second  Eng- 
lish Bishop,  in  succession  to  Bishop  Poole,  consecrated  in  iSS^). 
proposed  the  creation  of  two  new  sees,  and  subsetpiently 
Bishop  McKim  agreed  with  him  upon  a  further  sub-division 
of  territory,  the  result  of  which  is  that  the  empire  is  now 
covered  by  si.\  dioceses,  which,  with  th<ir  ■■(•(  .M.iohiiMl  loi. 
respondences.  are  as  follows: 


diocksp:.s. 

Hakodate, 

Tokyo, 

South  Tokyo, 

Kyoto               .            / 

Osaka,                          ^ 

Kyuslui  (or  Kiushiu), 

30  jAI'AN    AND     I'FrK    NIPPON    SKI     K(^K\VAI 

I'KOVINCKS. 
The  Island  of  Yezo. 
Northeastern  Provinces. 
East  Central    Provinces. 

West  Central  1^'ovinces. 

The  Island  of  Kiusiiiu. 

The  episcopal  jurisdictions  of  these  six  dioceses  are  as 
follows: 

Hakodate,       .  .      Bishop  Fyson,  (C.  M.  S.) 

Tokyo,  .          Bishop   McKim,  (Am.  Ep.  Ch.) 

South  Tokyo,  Bishop  Awdry,  (S.  P.  G.) 

Kyoto,          .  .          Bishop  Partridge,  (Am.  Ep.  Ch) 

Osaka,     .          .  .     Bishop  Foss,  (S.  P.  G. ) 

Kyushu,       .  .          Bishop  Evington,  (C.  M.  S. ) 

1896.  The  Missionary  Army. — There  were  in  this  year 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  missionaries  of  the  Anglican 
communion  at  work  in  Japan.  Of  these  some  eighty  repre 
sented  the  English  Church  Missionary  Society,  some  thirty 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  and  the  rest 
the  American  Episcopal  Church  Mission. 

1900.  Statistics. — Statistics  of  the  Christian  population  in 
Japan  are  more  or  less  vague  and  uncertain,  but  the  following 
figures  are  at  least  approximate,  and  ma}'  be  taken  subject  to 
correction  as  a  basis  for  a  rough  comparative  estimate: 

Roman  Catholics.         .....  53,ooo 

Greek  Catholics,      .....  25,000 

Congregationalists,^^    .....  14,000 

Presbyterians,           ......  12,000 

Episcopalians,      ......  8,000 

Methodists 6,000 

Baptists,       .......  3,000 


JAPAN    AM)     IFIK    Ml'I'oX    --FI     KoKUM  31 

Other  bodies,  ......        1,000 


Total  number  of  nominal  Cliristian.s.  sa\-  I  22. OCO 

Some  of  the  bodies  named  above  would  doubtless  claim 
a  larger  number  of  adherents,  others  mav  be  entitled  to  fewer: 
the  aggregate  is  perhaps  a  maximum,  and  includes  questiona- 
ble material :  but  the  table  answers  a  purpose. 

*Tltc-  Kiinii-ji  C/iiirr/u's.  This  deiininination  represents  and  embodies  the 
concrete  results  ot  the  missions  of  the  Congregationalists  of  the  United  States 
in  Japan.  Its  figures  are  interesting  and  suggestive  by  wav  of  comparison. 
Its  two  oldest  churches  celebrated  in  1899  tiieir  25th  anniversaries.  These 
are  the  churches  at  Kobe  and  Osaka.  Tiie  associated  body  comprises  72  or- 
ganized congregations,  of  which  33  are  self-supporting,  with  35  ordained  pas- 
tors and  a  membership  of  from  8,000  to  10,000.  The  contributions  for  all 
purposes  for  1898  were  iv>/  21,937,  or  nearl\-  $11,000. 


VI       IHH  DIOCESE  OF  TOKYO. 

Two  Dioceses.  —And  now  we  are  ieaci\-  for  a  rapid  visit  to 
what  for  convenience  may  be  called  the  American  Church's 
Mission  in  Japan,  that  is  to  say  the  dioceses,  the  bishops,  the 
missionaries,  the  native  pastors  and  teachers,  the  churches, 
schools  and  stations,  representing  the  interest,  the  faith,  the 
outlay  and  the  effort  of  our  Church  for  the  evangelization  of 
Japan.  l*"or  the  purposes  of  tiiis  survey  our  own  mission  in 
Japan  may  be  described  as  an  ellipse,  of  which  tlie  cities  of 
Tokyo  and  Kyoto  are  the  foci.  The  boundary  of  this  ellipse 
is  of  course  a  broken  one,  and  altogether  an  invisible  one.  and 
as  a  matter  of  geographical  fact  the  two  jurisdictions  of 
Tokyo  and  Kyoto  are  disjoined  by  the  English  jurisdiction  of 
South  Tokyo  which  cleaves  them  asunder  like  a  broad  wedge. 
The  distance  by  rail  between  the  two  cities  of  Tokyo  and 
Kyoto  is  329  miles,  but  the  journey  reciuires  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  hours,  the  rate  of  speed  on  the  railways  of  Japan  being 
much  slower  than  in  Europe  and  .America.  The  carriages, 
however,  seated  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  our  closed 
trolley  cars,  and  divided  into  compartments  for  first,  second 
and  third  class  passengers,  are  comfortable,  and  are  generally 
provided  with  lavatory  conveniences,  and  complete  outfits  for 
tea-drinking  and  native  luncheons  in  attractive  i)ackages  are 
offered  for  sale  at  all  the  principal  way  stations.  The  scenery 
is  alvvays  interesting,  and  the  novelties  of  the  wa\-.  of  the  com- 
panionships, and  of  the  surroundings  anil  associations,  make 
the  ride  enjoyable  in  whichever  direction  it  is  taken  and  what- 
ever may  be  the  motive  of  the  traveler.  Ihis  general  remark 
is  true  of  travel  on  most  if  not  all  of  the  railways  of  Japan. 

The  City  of  Tokyo.  -  lOkyo  is  an  immense  city,  as  rcg.irds 
not  only  its  pojjulation  but  its   territory.      Its   jjopulatitin.  va- 


34 


lAI'AN    AM)     I'lll';    NII'I'ON    SKI     KOKWAI 


rioLisly  estimated  at  from  1,200,000  to  1,500,000,  would  give  it 
a  place  among  the  eight  largest  cities  of  the  world;  while  its 
area  is  said  to  be  not  less  tlian  60  square  miles.  Its  com- 
pactly built  and  densely  crowded  districts  are  interspersed 
with  parks  and  gardens  and  castle  grounds  and  open  spaces, 
and  threaded  by  rivers  and  canals,  giving  to  its  aspect   a   mix- 


THINITY    CATHEDRAI,.  TOKYO 

ture  of  the  urban  and  the  suburban  The  "  magnificent  dis- 
tances" of  the  city  of  Washington  are  nothing  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  city  of  Tokyo.  One  section  opens  out  of 
another  in  confusing  variety,  and  endless  vistas  and  countless 
turns  set  one's  ideas  of  compass  directions  and  relations  into 
hopeless   contradiction.     No   wonder  that  an  American    lady 


lAI'AN    AM)     IHK    MI'I'ON    >i;|     KokwaI 


."»3 


came  home  to  report  that  she  h.id  spent  three  weeks  in  Tokyo 
and  "  liad  not  seen  one  Cliristian  mission."  As  a  matter  of 
fact  it  is  said  that  there  are  about  seventy-five  Christian 
cluirches  and  chapels  in  the  city,  and  nearly  if  not  quite  one 
hundred  and  fift\'  places  where  the  Gospel  is  preached  every 
Lord's  Day.  The  Greek  Cathedral  stands  handsomely  and  com- 
mandingly  on  an  elevation  in  the  northern  quarter,  like  '"a 
city  set  on  a  hill."  Its  dome  is  a  landmark  far  and  near.  The 
Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  occupies  a  lowlier  site  in  the  pre- 
cinct of  Tsukiji,  with  the  simple  but  dignified  and  in\-itin<; 
<ind  in  every  way  worthy  American  Trinity  Cathedral  near 
by.*  The  humbler  Anglican  Cathedral  of  St.  Andrews,  the 
seat  of  the  Bishop  of  South  Tokyo.  Dr.  Awdry,  whose  wife  is 
a  daughter  of  the  late  Hishop  Moberly  of  Salisbury,  is  on  a 
commanding  knoll,  beautifully  situated  and  surrounded,  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  city,  with  episcopal  residence  and  choir 
school,  both  of  them  buildings  in  the  native  style,  in  the 
same  compound. 

To  Tsukiji.-  Our  port  of  entry  for  Tok\'o  is  Yokohama, 
the  borders  of  which  city  as  one  approaches  it  from  the  sea  are 
so  Europeanized.  that  it  is  difficult  to  realize  what  its  environ- 
ment and  its  connections  really  are.  An  hour's  ride  by  rail 
through  plains  that  lie  along  the  shores  of  the  Bay  of  Tokyo, 
with  the  water  and  shipping  in  sight  for  much  of  the  wa\'. 
brings  us  to  the  great  capital;  we  alight  in  a  spacious,  well- 
arranged  and  properly  ordered  station;  get  into  one  or  more 
i)f  the  hundreds  of  "kurumas"  (  jinrikishasi  that  are  drawn 
up  in  platoons  outside  the  station  precincts;  and  before  we 
can  say  "Jack  Robinson  "  are  being  trotted  away,  past  trolle\' 
cars,   over   the   smooth   dirt    roads,  along  the  banks  of  lanaK. 


*Phillips  Brooks  thoujjht  the  interior  of  Trinity  Cl.itlieJral  one  of  the 
most  effective  and  attractive  he  had  e\er  seen,  hi  tlii-^  tipiiiii>!i  tii^r^  vviii  h,. 
general  concurrence 


36 


lAi'AN    AND    'I'lII';    Niri'(JN    SKI    KOKWAI 


across  bricly;cs  tliat  connect  the  island-like  precincts,  throuf^h 
streets  of  endless  shops,  under  electric  lights,  and  constantly 
in  the  midst  of  moving  throngs  of  men,  women  and  children 
mostly  in  the  native  dress,  bare-headed,  clog-footed,  and 
bright  faced,  until  in  half  an  hour,  leaving  the  more  strictly 
mercantile  cjuarters  behind  us,  one  more  canal  bank  and  one 
more  bridge  bring  us  into  the  comparatively  quiet  precinct 
or  ward  of  Tsukiji,  where  the  headquarters  of  the  American 


JAPANESE    KAGO 


Church  Mission  and  its  principal  institutions  for  what  is 
now  the  diocese  of  Tokyo  are  situated.  Under  the  old 
treaties  Tsukiji  was  the  Foreign  Concession,  and  within  its 
limits  were  assembled  many  of  the  buildings  and  institutions 
that  represented  the  American  and  European  interests,  diplo- 
matic, religious,  and  educational.  No  longer  a  "Concession," 
Tsukiji's  religious  and  educational   character  is  too   firmly  es- 


lAI'A.X    AMI    THK    Ml'l'ON    Stl    KOKWAI 


tablished  to  change,  for  the  present  at  least.  Upon  both 
sides  of  the  main  street  which  runs  through  the  quarter,  a 
broad  and  open  thoroughfare,  are  arranged  the  buildings  of 
the  American  Church  Mission.  First  on  the  right  as  we  leave 
the  bridge  is  the  Cathedral,  Trinity  Cathedral,  an  edifice  of 
generous  proportions,  dignified  and  tasteful,  built  of  brick 
with  appropriate  trimmings,  after  a  gothic  style,  and  in  every 
respect  within  and  without  all  that  such  a  building  in  such  a 
place  and  for  such  a  pur[)ose  could  be  expected  to  be  and 
should  be.  On  one  side  and  close  at  hand  is  the  Episcopal 
residence  now  occupied  by  Bishop  McKim  and  his  famiU':  on 
the  other  the  house  and  home  of 
Mr.  J.  Mc.  D.  Gardiner,  of  St.  Paul's 
College,  the  architect  of  the  Cathe- 
dral and  of  man\-  other  church  build- 
ings belonging  to  the  Nippon  Sei 
Kokwai.  A  little  in  the  rear  to  one 
side  is  the  beautiful  new  building, 
in  Japanese  style,  of  St.  Margaret's 
School,  erected  a  little  while  ago  by 
the  New  York  branch  of  the  Wo- 
man's Auxiliary,  and  a  gem  of  native 
architecture.  Just  beyond  these 
buildings  is  St.  Luke's  Hospital. 
Turning     now     to     the     other     side 

of  the  street,  directly  across  from  the  Cathedral  and  the 
Bishop's  residence,  are  the  i^irish  House  and  the  Trinity 
Divinit\-  School,  handsome  buildings  of  brick,  with  two  resi- 
dences of  American  clergy  closely  adjacent  ;  and  back  of  these, 
as  it  were  in  the  interior  of  the  lot,  but  really  opening  on  the 
next  parallel  street,  are  the  grouped  buildings  of  St.  Paul's 
College.  A  stone's  throw  to  one  side,  on  a  cross  street  at  the 
very  end  of  the  bridge  b\-  which  we  entered  the  precinct,  and 
fronting  on  the  canal,  is  the  residence  of  Bishop  Schereschew- 


lUSIMH'   m'kim 


38  JAPAN    AND     Till-;    NII'IHJN    SKI     KOKWAI 

sky,  tlic  retired  Bishop  of  China,  witli  his  wife  and  daughter; 
who,  witli  his  Cliinese  s(;cretary,  at  last  accounts  was  working 
away  at  the  rate  of  six  or  eight  hours  a  day,  disabled  as  he  is 
by  paralysis,  but  capable  of  using  the  type-writer,  on  his 
translations  and  revisions  of  translations  of  the  Bible  into 
Chinese.  Not  far  distant  are  other  homes  occupied  by  mis- 
sionaries or  missionary  teachers  ;  while  the  proximity  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Cathedral  and  of  a  Methodist  school  for  boys 
is  a  reminder  of  the  companionship  if  not  of  the  fellowship  of 
other  Christians  in  the  one  great  common  work  of  letting  in 
the  Light  upon  the  darkened  minds  of  Japan. 

Trinity  Divinity  School. —  From  many  points  of  view  this 
institution  invites  attention  and  repays  it.  Bishop  McKim  is 
its  President,  and  is  assisted  by  American  clergy  in  the  work 
of  instruction.  Its  library  deserves  mention  both  for  its  con- 
tents and  for  its  arrangement  and  administration,  and  might 
well  be  enlarged  by  some  American  friend  or  friends  of  sound 
theological  learning.  The  native  students  in  their  Christian 
personalities  and  their  intellectual  life,  in  their  studies  and 
their  difficulties,  in  their  perplexities  and  their  progress,  pre- 
sent a  group  full  of  interest  both  for  what  they  are  and  for 
what  they  may  become.  These  schools  for  the  training  of  a 
native  Christian  ministry  for  Japan  are  institutions  of  the  first 
importance,  and  should  enjoy  the  notice,  the  sympathy,  the 
gifts,  and  the  prayers  of  the  American  Church  without  stint 
or  intermission. 

St.  Paul's  College. — This  is  a  large  collegiate  school  for 
boys,  equipped  with  a  fine  plant,  occupying  a  .commanding 
position,  popular  and  efficient,  and,  if  its  work  is  not  inter- 
rupted by  the  present  educational  complications  in  Japan, 
is  destined  to  exert  a  growing  power  among  Japanese  youth  on 
the  side  of  Christian  faith  and  learning.  The  Bishop  again  is 
President,   and   the   instructors  include   both   Americans   and 


TAI'.W    AM)     IlIK    Mir<»N    SKI    KdKW.M  39 

native  Christians.  The  si^^lit  of  the  school  rooms  fillet!  u  ith 
their  several  hundred  Japanese  boys  all  hard  at  work  over 
books  and   blackboards  is  inspirin;^. 

St.  Margaret's  School. — A  delightful  visit  nia\-  be  made  to 
St.  Margarets  School  for  girls,  in  its  beautiful  new  building 
hartl  by,  attesting  at  once  the  generosity  of  the  Woman's 
Au.xiliary  of  New  York  and  the  exquisite  taste  and  handiwork 
of  Japanese  artisans.  Thus  in  his  cathedral  seat  the  Bishop 
has  one  hand  upon  the  teaching  of  the  boys  and  the  other 
upon  the  teaching  of  the  girls,  and  the  theological  school 
right  before  him,  out  of  which  are  to  come  forth  Christian 
leaders  for  the  coming  generation. 

Holy  Trinity  Orphanage. —  It  is  an  hour's  ride  b)'  victoria 
or  kuiun.a  out  past  the  handsome  buildings  of  the  University 
of  Tokyo,  and  into  the  green  fields  that  surround  the  city,  to 
this  paradise  of  Christian  service  and  peace.  This  home  for 
children  left  destitute  by  the  perishing  of  parents  in  the  earth- 
quakes, will  be  remembered  as  the  enterprise  of  Mr.  Ishii, 
formerl)'  O/.uga,  who  has  visited  America  and  personally  and 
justly  interested  many  of  us  here  in  his  beautiful  charity.  Mr. 
Isliii's  name  only  has  been  changed,  not  the  man.  He  is  the 
same  incarnation  of  a  gentle  and  lovely  Christian  spirit,  and 
his  spirit  creates  an  atmosphere  for  his  little  institution  which 
is  quickly  recognized  by  all  who  come  in  contact  with  it.  The 
compound,  nestling  in  retirement  and  security  among  the  trees, 
contains  dormitories  and  domestic  offices  for  a  community  of 
peril. q)s  thirt\'  or  fortv  children,  a  well  appointed  school  r(_)oni, 
a  ch.ipel  which  is  one  of  Mr.  Gardiner's  models  in  its  way,  and 
a  newly  built  house  to  be  used  as  an  anne.v  for  feeble  minded 
chililrcii.  of  whose  needs  Mr.  Ishii  has  made  a  special  stud\-  in 
leading  institutions  in  the  United  States,  and  in  whose  relief 
he  and  his  associates  are  deeply  interested.  The  ch.irm  of 
such    a    work    as    this,    as    of    the   kimlreil   institutit)n   <>f  the 


JAPAN    AND    TIIK    NIIM'ON    SKI    KOKWAI  4I 

"Widely  Loving  Society"  at  Osaka,  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is 
a  spontaneous  fruit  of  the  native  Japanese  character,  and  so 
expresses  in  a  very  impressively  practical  way  the  genuine- 
ness and  force  of  the  implanted  Christian  spirit  in  Japan. 

Grace  Mission.  —  Responding  to  an  invitation  from  Dr. 
Motud.i,  u  ho  is  at  the  time  in  charge,  we  take  an  e\'ening  to 
ride  out  in  the  swift  rolling  kuruma  to  the  aristocratic  pre- 
cinct of  l^ancho,  past  the  British  Legation,  skirting  the 
broad  deep  moat  that  encircles  the  fortified  palace  of  the  Em- 
peror, and  u{)  to  the  plateau  on  which  Dr.  Motoda's  mission 
is  established,  temporaril}-  in  its  own  hired  house.  The  house 
is  in  the  European  style.  I^'or  the  present  occasion  the  two 
parlors  arc  thrown  into  one  by  the  drawing  aside  of  the  fold- 
ing doors,  the  space  is  crowded  with  a  congregation  mostly'  of 
men  waiting  in  interested  silence  for  the  arrival  of  the  ap- 
pointed speaker  from  America,  the  singing  is  led  by  a  cabinet 
organ  well  played  by  a  Japanese  Christian  woman,  and  Dr. 
Motoda  conducts  the  opening  devotions,  which  receive  re- 
spectful consideration,  though  two-thirds  of  the  assembly  are 
not  Ciiristians.  The  address  of  fort\'  minutes  which  follows, 
on  "  Progress  and  Peril  in  Japan,"  given  in  English,  the 
speaker  sitting  in  his  chair,  and  interpreted  by  Dr.  Motoda,  is 
listened  to  with  close  attention  and  apj^arcntly  with  impres- 
sions, one  of  which  is  voiced  by  a  young  army  officer  in  full 
uniform  who  sits  almost  in  touch  with  the  speaker  on  the 
front  seat,  and  after  the  ser\'ice  is  over  sends  in  from  the  hall 
outside  his  visiting  cartl  with  "Thank  you  very  much  to  hear 
such  honorable  oration"  written  on  it  in  blue  pencil  and  in  .1 
l)lain  I^nglish  hand.  A  church  building  was  to  have  been  be- 
gun for  this  mission  in  the  autumn  of  i  S(  »< ),  ami  may  be  re- 
garded as  com[)Ieteil  and  in  use  by  thr  time  these  woriis 
reach  the  reader. 

The  Diocese  of  Tokyo.       The    diocese    or    missionary    dis- 


JAPAN    AND    THE    NIPPON    Si:i    K(>K\VAI  43 

trict  of  Tokyo,  now  alone  constituting  the  jurisdiction 
of  Bishop  McKim,  is  the  largest  territorially  of  all  the  six, 
unless  possibly  its  area  is  exceeded  by  tiiat  of  Hakodate,  cor- 
responding to  the  great  north  island  of  Vezo,  The  work  of 
the  mission  is  established  at  some  fifteen  or  twenty  places  in 
the  interior,  but  these  are  widely  scattered,  not  altogether 
easy  of  access,  and  some  of  them  are  mere  begininngs.  Bishop 
McKim  has  a  wide  field  to  cover,  besides  holding  precedence 
as  occupying  the  original  episcopal  seat  in  Japan  out  of  which 
all  the  others  have  sprung.  The  more  important  of  these  in- 
land missions  of  Tokyo,  though  some  of  them  actually  are  on 
the  sea  coast,  are  Sendai,  Aomori,  Mayebashi.  and  Nikko. 

Sendai.  Tliis  large  and  important  town,  on  the  eastern 
coast  about  half  way  from  Tokyo  to  the  northern  extremity  of 
the  island,  is  the  capital  of  a  province,  was  once  a  castle  town, 
has  noticeable  public  buildings,  one  of  the  largest  prisons  in 
the  empire,  and  numerous  manufactures.  It  has  a  temple, 
too,  which  is  worth  a  visit.  Here  is  stationed  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Jefferys  in  charge  of  Christ  Church,  which  greatlv  needs  a  new 
house  of  worship.  The  gift  to  Kyoto'  might  well  be  re[)eated 
at  Sendai  b}'  some  of  our  rich  American  parishes  which  have 
"enough  and  to  spare."  The  cc^mparatively  small  sum  of 
$3,000  in  ;\nieiican  gold  will  build  a  \'er\-  respectable  church 
edifice  in  Jajxm,  and  a  parish  house,  now  so  useful  an  adiunct 
of  the  church  proper  there  as  well  as  here,  can  be  additl  for  a 
little  more.  Sendai  is  a  sort  of  heacUpiarters.  antl  from  it  Mr. 
Jefferys  with  his  native  assistants  works  \'arious  stations  in  the 
surrounding  towns. 

Aomori. —  Here  we  are  almost  at  the  \\\y  northern  ex- 
tremity of  the  main  island  of  Japan,  at  the  juniping-orf  jjlace 
before  crossing  the  Tsugaru  or  San  gar  Straits  {,>  iju-  wild  island 

■'  See  page  4y. 


44 


jAI'AN    AND    TIIK    NI1'1'(JN    SKI    KOKWAI 


of  Yezo.  Aomori  is  the  capital  of  the  prefecture  of  the  same 
name,  and  situated  on  the  broad  bay  of  the  same  name;  has 
strai<^ht  wide  streets  of  unusual  aspect  for  Japan,  and  large 
and  well  stocked  shops.  The  bay  is  a  great  fishing  ground, 
and  the  port  a  busy  point  of  departure  and  arrival  for  the 
throngs  of  natives  who  are  constantly  passing  to  and  from 
Yezo.     All  this  makes  Aomori  a  strategic  point,  and    requires 


WINTER  TRAVEL  IN  AOMORI. 

that  it  be  held  boldly  and  fortified  strongly.  A  chapel  and 
parish  building,  a  night  school  for  men  in  which  the  Brother- 
hood of  St.  Andrew  find  a  useful  service,  an  industrial  school 
which  sustains  an  equally  valuable  relation  to  the  women,  a 
Sunday  school,  Bible  classes,  a  sewing  school,  and  unremitting 
evangelistic  expeditions  to  the  outlying  stations,  make  up  the 
record  of  the  work  at  Aomori. 


jAI'.W    AND     I'm-;    MI'I'ON    Si;i     K(iK\\\l  45 

Nikko.  -  Aiiioni^f  all  these  towns  in  northeastern  Japan, 
whether  occupied  as  stations  for  Christian  work  or  not,  none 
holds  the  jilace  that  belongs  to  Nikko.  "  Do  not  use  the  word 
magnificent  until  you  have  seen  Nikko"  is  a  proverb  of  the 
Japanese.  This  tribute  to  the  (piiet  charms  of  the  temple  vil- 
lage among  the  hills,  if  somewhat  grandihxiuent,  is  not  unde- 
served. There  is  nothing  anywliere  in  Japan  to  compare  with 
Nikko,  nothing  surpassing  tlie  individuality  of  its  shrines, 
nothing  surpassing  the  beauty  of  its  hills  and  groves,  nothing 
surpassing  its  repose.  It  is  a  combination  of  lovely  scenery, 
curious  architecture,  venerable  tradition,  romantic  association, 
and  an  indescrib;ible  atmosphere.  It  is  on  the  way  to  Chu- 
zenji,  that  matchless  lake  among  the  mountains,  but  it  is  in 
and  of  itself  a  stopping  place  for  pilgrims  in  search  of  the 
beautiful,  and  one  who  can  go  no  further  may  well  rest  here. 
It  is  a  [)lace  to  spend  one's  days.  The  rain  and  damjiness 
can  be  forgiven.  Here  in  the  midst  of  these  accumulated 
treasures  of  nature,  architecture,  history  and  sentiment,  the 
Church  of  Christ  is  planted.      In  the   spring   of    1899  the   new 

and  pretty  little  church  of '•''  was  under  way  after  one  of 

Mr.  Gardiner's  happy  designs.  In  fact,  as  can  be  done  in  this 
land  of  abundant  timber,  deft  wcjrkmanship,  and  chea[)  though 
sometimes  slow  transportation,  the  church  was  actually  built  in 
Tokyo,  and  carried  stick  by  stick  and  board  b)-  board  to  Xikko, 
ninety  miles  awa)',  and  i)ut  together  there  on  its  commanding 
lot,  in  plain  sight  from  all  the  hotels,  and  over  against  the 
grounds  of  the  temples  which  have  been  for  centuries  the 
centre  of  the  interest  of  Nikko.  The  one  long  street  of  the 
little  town,  the  mountain  stream  which  dashes  and  foams 
along  under  the  famed  "  Red  Bridge,  "  the  mountains  them- 
selves standing  on  guard  around  as  if  for  the  protection  of 
the  favorite  and  sacred  haunt,  the  stately  cryi^toniL-rias  lining 
like  rows  of  sentinels  the  ai)proaches  to  the   temple   gates,  the 

*See  note,  p.i>;e  47. 


JAPAN    AND    THE    NIl'l'ON    SEI    KOKWAI  47 

flights  of  Steps  of  stone  all  gray  with  age  and  green  with  moss, 
the  shadows,  the  moisture,  t]ie  trickling  streams,  the  distant 
vistas  of  high  summits  up  among  the  clouds,  the  creeping  fig- 
ures of  the  peasants  as  one  gazes  down  upon  them  from  some 
neighboring  height,  the  deep  boom  of  the  great  temple  bells 
as  they  sound  out  the  note  of  worship  through  the  still  air, 
the  whistle  of  the  departing  railway  train  that  has  effected  a 
junction  between  this  hoary  past  and  the  rushing  present, 
and  now  latest — and  may  we  not  say  best  of  all — this  tiny 
house  of  Christian  prayer  and  praise  and  preaching  ;  these  are 
the  features  which  set  Nikko  apart  from  all  other  resorts  in 
Japan  with  which  the  writer  is  acquainted  either  by  knowledge 
or  hearsay.  And  who  can  tell  how  far  and  wide  the  True 
Light  now  kindled  among  these  shades  and  solitudes  may 
shine  in  the  years  to  come?  The  name  of  the  new  little 
church  was  not  fixed  when  this  \isit  was  made;  might  it  not 
well  be  All  Saints,  or  the  Church  of  the  Light  of  the  World?* 


*Siiice  this  manuscript  went  10  the  printer  it  has  become  known  to  the 
writer  that  the   n;—   --!--♦-<    i-    "r-i,,,...i,    -.f  ti,^   TK..„...-,„,,...t;,.„  "  .    .„ 

appropriate  selectif 
in  August. 


lanuscript  went  10  the  printer  it  has  become  known  to  the 
lame  selected  is  "Church  of  the  Transtiguration  "  ;  an 
:ion,  inasmuch  as  the  building  was  opened  for  piibhc  worship 


VII.     THE  DIOCESE  OF  KYOTO. 

The  City  of  Kyoto. — The  missionary  district  of  Kyoto 
was  set  apart  from  that  of  Tokyo  by  the  action  of  the  General 
Convention  at  Washington,  D.  C,  in  the  autumn  of  1898. 
It  embraces  thirteen  provinces  and  part  of  a  fourteenth,  and 
contains  a  population  of  about  5,000,000.  As  Tokyo  has  for 
a  port  of  entry  the  city  of  Yokohama,  so  Kyoto  has  for  a  port 
of  entry  the  city  of  Kobe,  and  Kobe  shares  with  Yokohama 
and  Nagasaki  the  commercial  honors  of  Japan.  As  at  Yoko- 
hama, the  great  steamships,  calling  on  their  way  to  and  from 
the  quarters  of  the  globe,  have  to  lie  off  the  shore  at  a  safe 
anchorage,  and  passengers  and  freight  are  transferred  by 
means  of  tugs  and  lighters.  Once  on  shore  at  Kobe  the 
visitor  finds  himself  on  a  handsome  and  well  built  "bund," 
edging  a  "foreign"  precinct  of  banks,  godowns  and  houses  of 
trade,  whence  a  ride  of  two  hours  by  rail,  passing  on  the  way 
through  the  borders  of  the  great,  picturesque,  and  important 
city  of  Osaka,  brings  him  to  Kyoto,  where  the  scenes  incident 
to  the  arrival  at  Toyko  are  repeated  with  little  variation. 
The  trolley  car  or  the  kuruma  conveys  him,  under  the  electric 
lio-ht  if  it  is  at  night,  and  through  wonderfull}^  animated  and 
interesting  streets  of  shops  if  it  is  by  day,  to  either  of  the  two 
comfortable  hotels  with  which  the  city  is  provided,  one  down 
on  the  plain  upon  which  the  city  is  built,  the  other  high  up 
on  a  terrace  of  the  mountain  range  which  furnishes  the  back- 
ground of  the  town,  and  amidst  the  temples  and  the  groves 
of  cryptomerias  which  adorn  its  southwestern  slopes.  This 
mountain  range  overhanging  the  city  close  at  hand,  as  the 
Rockies  overhang  Denver,  only  far  away,  imparts  to  Kyoto  a 
scenic  attraction  of  its  own,  and  from  almost  every  point  of 
view  Kyoto  is  a  more  attractive  point  than  Tokyo.     Without 


JAPAN    AND    THE    NIPITjN    SP:I    KoKWAI  49 

the  immensities  of  the  newer  capital,  witliout  its  vastness  of 
population,  without  its  broad  spaces  and  infinite  distances, 
without  its  public  buildin<^s  and  official  aspects  and  adminis- 
trative activities,  it  has  nevertheless  a  dignit\-,  a  completeness 
and  repose,  a  suggestion  of  antiquity  with  touches  of  fresh- 
ness, which  invest  it  with  a  peculiar  charm  ;  while  its  spacious 
palace  and  even  nobler  castle,  their  surrounding  grounds, 
its  numerous  Buddhist  temples  amidst  their  luxuriant  groves, 
the  beauty  of  the  mountain  barrier  behind,  the  rapid  stream 
that  flows  tlirough  its  business  quarter,  the  endless  attractions 
of  its  shops  and  bazars,  and,  most  of  all  to  the  Christian 
stranger,  the  variety  of  its  religious  institutions  and  agencies, 
make  it  a  place  where  one  loves  to  linger  and  whicii  one  is 
loth  to  leave.  The  diocese  or  jurisdiction  of  which  it  is  the 
centre  is  compact  and  most  conveniently  disposed  for  work. 
It  is  fi)r  this  field  that  Dr.  Partridge,  late  of  the  China  Mission 
at  Wuchang,  was  consecrated  Bishop  on  the  Feast  of  the 
Presentation  last  past,  the  2nd  of  February,  1900;  and  well 
may  Bishop  McKim  of  Tokyo  say,  as  he  does  say  in  his 
Report  to  the  Board  of  Managers  for  1898-99*  that  the  l^ishop 
of  Kyoto  will  have,  in  his  opinion,  "the  best  diocese  of  the  six 
into  which  this  empire  is  divided." 

Holy  Trinity  Cathedral. — To  place  ourselves  at  the  centre 
of  Christian  Kyoto,  and  so  at  the  centre  of  the  jurisdictit)n, 
we  take  our  kurumas  in  the  pleasant  court  yard  of  the  hotel, 
and  are  trotted  a\va\'  in  a  diagonal  direction,  hist  down 
through  streets  of  shops,  then  across  the  palace  grounds,  then 
almost  plump  into  a  little  Buddhist  temple,  turning  swiftly 
])ast  which  we  "fetch  uj)"  aiound  the  corner  on  which  stands 
the  handsome,  modern,  attractive  edifice  known  as  llol\- 
Trinity  Church,  the  gift  of  Holy  Trinity  Church,  I'hil.ulclphia, 
and  the  Cathedral  church  of  the   newly  consecrated  Bishop  of 

'Appendix  to  Foiei.un  I^epurt  —  I),  p.i.^c  204. 


50  JAPAN    AND    TIIK    NII'l'ON    SKI    KCJKWAI 

Kyoto.  This  is  another  of  Mr.  J.  Mel).  Gardiner's  works, 
and  is  worthy  of  its  name,  its  donors,  its  builder,  its  situation, 
and  its  function.  It  is  of  brick,  vvitli  appropriate  trimmings, 
and  has  the  h^ok  of  a  well-designed  and  well-built  church  trans- 
ported from  any  one  of  our  prosperous  American  cities.  It  seats 
perhaps  300  or  350  persons,  and  its  interior  fulfils  the  expecta- 
tions which  its  exterior  awakens.  Some  criticisms  have  been 
passed  by  writers  in  their  American  homes,  who  have  never 
been  in  Japan  and  who  know  nothing  of  the  Japanese  people, 
for  building  Japanese  churches  in  the  "American  style,"  as  if 
it  were  an  affront  to  Japanese  preference.  As  a  matter  of  fact 
the  Japanese  preference  is  that  their  new  public  buildings, 
both  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  shall  be  built  in  the  "foreign" 
style,  a  preference  which  is  attested  on  every  hand  ;  and  any 
one  who  has  been  in  Japan  and  studied  the  conditions  on 
the  spot  can  readily  see  that  to  follow  the  lines  and  features 
of  native  architecture  in  the  construction  of  houses  of  Chris- 
tian worship  would  be  a  mistake  for  various  reasons.  Holy 
Trinity  Cathedral  at  Kyoto,  like  Trinity  Cathedral  at  Tokyo, 
is  a  worthy  and  creditable  structure,  and  destined  to  become 
more  and  more  the  centre  of  forces  of  organization  and  ad- 
ministration which  mean  great  things  for  the  city  and  its  part 
of  the  empire. 

St.  Agfnes^s  School.—  Hard  by  the  church,  and  architecturally 
connected  with  it,  is  the  equally  handsome  building  of  St. 
Agnes's  School  for  girls,  already  however  outgrown,  and  re" 
quiring  an  immediate  enlargement  of  its  accommodations,  if 
the  work  which  it  houses  is  not  to  be  hampered.  St.  Agnes's 
School,  like  St.  Margaret's,  at  Tokyo,  is  one  of  the  Christian 
institutions  of  Japan,  and  it  is  a  novelty  and  a  delight  to  meet 
its  hundred  or  more  bright-faced  girls  with  their  devoted  head 
master,  Mr.  Tamura,  and  the  other  teachers,  to  join  with  them 
in  Christian  worship,  to  witness  the  exhibitions   of   their  pro- 


JAPAN'    AM)    THE    Ml'PON    SKI    KOKWAI  5  I 

ficiency,  and  to  receive  the  expressions  of  their  affectionate 
and  interested  hospitah'ty.  What  a  picture  is  presented  by 
the  group  of  their  figures  and  faces  gathered  around  tlic  door 
of  their  beautiful  building,  "living  stones"  that  tiic\-  are.  be- 
ing wrought  into  fitness  for  places  in  the  spiritual  temi)le,  a 
"  house  not  made  with  hands."  Daily  services  for  the  girls 
arc  the  order  in  the  Cathedral,  and  Christian  instruction  is  also 
systematically  given. 

Needs  of  St.  Agnes. — At  the  time  of  the  visit  which  forms 
the  basis  of  this  notice  the  pressing  needs  of  the  school  were 
as  follows  : 

1.  A  good  working  library  of  Japanese  and  English 
books. 

2.  A  museum  of  specimens  in  natural  history. 

3.  A  laboratory  and  equipment  for  physical  research. 

4.  A  sewing  room  in  Japanese  style. 

5.  An  enlargement  of  the  dormitory. 

St.  Agnes's  School  had  only  six  teachers  and  six  students 
when  this  building  was  erected.  "  But  don't  be  disappointed," 
said  Bishop  McKim  at  that  time.  "  By  and  by  you  will  have 
ten  times  six."  In  less  than  five  years  twice  that  number, 
namely,  one  hundred  and  twenty,  has  been  realized  in  the 
membership,  and  with  enlarged  dormitory  accommodations 
many  more  boarders  could  be  received,  a  most  desirable  gain 
to  be  accomplished. 

Work  at  St.  Agnes.  1  he  school  year  at  St.  Agnes  begins 
in  April  and  lasts  eleven  months,  August  being  taken  for  \'a- 
cation.  Commencement  is  in  March.  All  pupils  pay  for 
their  tuition,  from  sen  40  a  month  upwards.  There  were  in 
1899  about  fifty  boarders.  Instruction  is  given  in  Japanese, 
Chinese,  and  English;  in  niatluiii.ilics.  physics,  science,  meta- 
physics, ethics,  physiology,  music  <ind  drawing,  and  in  eti- 
quette, which   is  always  a  great   point   in  Japanese  education. 


52  JAI'AN    AND     I  1 1 F,    .\II'I'()N    SEI    KOKWAI 

The  teaching  is  done  mostly  by  text-books.  On  the  whole 
the  Japanese  girls  are  fond  of  study.  There  is  no  trouble 
about  discipline.  There  are  no  examinations  except  at  en- 
trance, and  no  system  of  prizes;  rank  is  determined  by  the 
daily  record.  These  particulars  of  St.  Agnes's  may  be  taken 
as  more  or  less  true  of  other  Christian  Schools  in  Japan. 

Bishop  Williams. — A  stone's  throw  one  side,  but  practi- 
cally in  the  same  enclosure,  is  one  of  the  mission  residences, 
temporarily  occupied  in  1899  ^Y  ^^^^  ^.t.  Rev.  Dr.  C.  M.  Will- 
iams, the  retired  Bishop  of  Japan,  but  now  the  residence  of 
Bishop  Partridge.  More  than  a  word  in  passing  is  due  to  this 
St.  John  of  the  American  Episcopate.  Born  in  Richmond, 
Virginia,  on  the  1 8th  of  July,  1829,  Bishop  Williams  is  conse- 
quently at  the  time  of  this  writing  in  his  71st  year,  and  when 
last  seen  and  heard  from  was  as  active,  as  full  of  zeal,  as  de- 
voted to  the  evangelistic  work  to  which  his  life  has  been 
dedicated  as  if  he  were  but  half  that  age.  Dr.  Williams,  hav- 
ing from  preference  relinquished  all  episcopal  functions  ex- 
cept such  as  are  laid  upon  him  /^?-o  tempore  in  passing  emergen- 
cies, is  now  pre-eminently  an  evangelist,  goes  everywhere  in 
all  weathers  and  under  all  conditions,  to  preach,  to  baptize, 
to  administer  the  Eucharist,  to  open  mission  stations,  to  in- 
struct native  congregations,  to  guide  inquirers,  to  direct  and 
foster  the  work  by  any  and  every  means  in  his  power.  Wher- 
ever he  goes  he  is  received  as  a  ''father  in  God"  indeed  with 
love  and  reverence,  and  his  self-effacement,  his  gentleness,  his 
charity  for  all,  his  sympathy  for  all,  his  patience  for  all,  his 
spirit  of  sacrifice  and  service,  make  him  a  model  for  all  mis- 
sionaries, a  lesson  to  all  Christians,  and  a  pillar  of  the  Church  in 
Japan,  whose  value  will  not  be  fully  recognized  until  he  is 
taken  away.  To  this  work  he  gave  himself  in  his  youth;  and 
in  it  he  is  likely  to  remain  while  life  and  strength  last. 

The  Doshisha. — There    are    other    points    of    interest    in 


JAPAN    AND    Till-;    NU'l'DN    SKI    KoKWAI  53 

Kyoto.  Another  mission  residence  stands  just  across  the  way. 
Down  the  street  a  mile  perhaps  are  the  homes  of  one  or  more 
missionaries  of  the  ;\merican  Board,  and  just  bej'ond  these, 
the  i^rounds  and  buildin<,rs  of  the  "Doshislia",  the  Congrega- 
tionahst  Christian  college  or  university  founded  by  Josepli 
Neesima.'  This  institution,  springing  from  a  noble  and  con- 
secrated enthusiasm,  and  generously  supported  by  large  gifts 
from  interested  friends  in  America,  of  the  denomination  which 
it  represents,  had  for  some  years  unexampled  prosperity  and 
wide  influence.  Its  collegiate  department  and  its  affiliated 
schools  of  theology,  medicine,  science  and  law,  all  on  a  Chri.s- 
tian  foundation,  drew  large  numbers  of  the  best  type  of  Japa- 
nese youth.  At  one  time  as  many  as  nine  hundred  students 
were  in  attendance.  An  attempt  on  the  part  of  certain  au- 
thorities to  siiift  the  institution  from  its  Christian  foundation 
and  to  change  the  character  of  the  instruction,  led  to  a  with- 
drawal of  confidence  and  nearly  wrecked  the  enterprise.  It 
is  only  of  late  that  there  has  been  promise  of  a  recovery  of 
its  former  prestige.  The  peculiar  histor\-  of  the  Doshisha 
illustrates  one  group  of  difficulties  in  connection  with  Christian 
work  in  Japan,  growing  out  of  a  certain  lack  of  stabilit)'  in  the 
national  character,  tendencies  toward  rationalism,  and  vague 
ideas  as  to  the  obligations  involved  in  trusts.  But  there  is 
reason  to  hope  that  such  an  unfortunate  experience  will  not 
be  encountered  again.  It  has  been  most  discouraging  and  has 
given  an  uneasy  feeling  to  all  who  hold  trusts  or  repose  trust 
in  others  for  the  prosecution  of  Christian  work. 

Olsu. — Pronounce  the  name  "Ots,"  with  the  (  )  long,  and 
you  will  get  it  exactly.  It  is  a  small  town  an  hour's  ride  from 
Kyoto,  by  rail  to  the  eastwartl,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Biwa. 
Bishop  Williams  is  going  there  of  an  afternoon  to  open  a  new 
chapel,  and  it  will  be  a  pleasant  experience  to  be  of  the  party. 

'  See  p.iKe  26 


54 


JAPAN    AND    'IIIE    NIl'l'ON    SKI    KOKWAI 


"Pure  Water  Lake  Chapel"  is  the  Kngh'sh  of  the  Japanese 
name  by  which  the  humble  house  of  prayer  has  been  known  ; 
now  it  rejoices  in  another — it  can  hardly  be  prettier — but  it 
may  be  more  Scriptural,  perhaps,  and  more  dignified.  The  new 
chapel  is  a  converted  dwelling  of  the  native  style,  which 
l^ishop  Williams  bought  and  caused  to  be  fitted  uj)  for  a  spir. 
itual  temple.      The   chapel   proper    seats,    it    may   be,    fifty;  a 


f^ 


O    rs  ,sh  I 


^K"  '■&£>^^i. , 


t^,J^--- 


r 


ir 


JAPANESE    TEAl  HEK    AND    MISSION    DAY    SCHOOL,    OSAKA 

deep  chancel  has  been  effected  by  the  use  of  an  adjoining 
room,  and  a  parish  room,  a  commodious  vestry,  and  an  apart- 
ment for  the  native  catechist  in  charge  are  other  features. 
A  little  afternoon  congregation  of  about  twenty-five,  mostly 
women  and  children,  has  assembled  for  the  opening  service, 
and  as  many  more,  curious  as  to  what   is  going  on,   but   too 


JAPAN    AND    THK    Nli'PON    SEI    KOKWAI  55 

timitl  to  venture  in,  crowd  around  the  tloor  leadincj  from  tlie 
street  and  look  and  listen  earnestly  as  the  service  proceeds. 
To  the  good  evangelist-bishop  it  is  as  if  it  were  a  house  of 
gold  and  precious  stones,  and  a  congregation  to  be  counted 
by  the  thousands.  By  such  simple  beginnings  is  the  Church 
being  planted  through  the  length  and  breadth  of  Japan.  And 
God  is  giving  the  increase  as  the  work  goes  on. 

Osaka. — This  important  commercial  city  has  neither  the 
dimensions  of  Tokyo  nor  the  atmosphere  of  K)-oto,  but  it  has 
a  picturesqueness  all  its  own,  and  in  certain  aspects  is  without 
a  rival.  The  great  castle  which  ilominatcs  it  like  a  citadel, 
terrace  rising  on  terrace,  its  summit  commanding  a  view  which 
sweeps  over  the  expanse  of  roofs  in  every  direction  and  gives 
one  the  impression  of  a  countless  population,  and  the  canals 
which  divide  and  subdivide  its  precincts  in  every  direction, 
are  its  conspicuous  topographical  features.  If  its  castle  lacks 
both  the  proportions  and  the  dignity  which  would  justify 
comparison  with  the  corresponding  features  of  Athens  or 
Edinburgh,  its  canals  with  their  traffic  and  their  bridges  do 
justify  in  some  degree  the  epithet  of  the  Venice  of  Japan. 
No  mean  city  is  Osaka,  with  its  eigiit  scjuare  miles  of  territory, 
its  population  of  at  least  half  a  million,  its  "  Theatre  Street  " 
which  rivals  its  namesake  of  Yokohama,  lately,  alas,  burned 
down,  and  its  shopping  street  of  Shinsai-bashi,  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  and  busy  thoroughfares  ot  all  tlie  cities  of  Ja[)an. 
A  labyrinth  to  find  one's  way  about  in  is  ( )saka  ;  its  canals 
and  britlgcs  arc  most  confusing  ;  and  when  one  actually  does 
reach  the  former  l-'oreign  Concession,  as  it  used  to  be,  Kawa- 
guclii,  he  wonders  how  he  ever  got  there  and  how  he  will 
ever  get  out  again  aiul  l)ack  wheie  he  came  from. 

The  Mission  Premises. —  The  premises  of  our  mission  here 
occupy  a  strip  of  land  lying  between  two  streets,  accessible 
from  both,  and  parallel  with  the  banks  of  one  of  the  streams. 


56  JAPAN    AND    THK    NIl'l'ON    SEI    KOKWAI 

giving  expansiveness  to  the  prospect  in  that  direction.  At 
one  end  of  the  tier  of  tenants  of  this  property  stands  St. 
Barnabas's  Hospital,  which  Dr.  Laning  has  made  a  house  of 
cure  for  so  many  years,  where  the  beautiful  charity — none 
more  beautiful — of  surgical  and  medical  care  of  the  sick  and 
injured  is  dispensed  without  money  and  without  price  to  those 
in  need  under  Dr.  Laning's  personal  supervision,  with  the  co- 
operation of  trained  native  assistants.  Next  in  the  range  to  the 
hospital  comes  one  of  the  mission  residences,  once  occu- 
pied by  Mr.  Page  and  more  recently  by  Mr.  Tyng ;  after  this 
the  house  now  used  for  the  Bible  Women's  School,  and  last 
of  all  Dr.  Laning's  own  residence,  closing  the  group  at  that 
end.  It  is  altogether  a  neat  and  valuable  piece  of  property^ 
and  has  a  home-like  look  which  makes  the  visitor  forget 
for  the  time  being  that  he  is  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  great 
cities  and  centres  of  heathendom. 

Church  Work  in  Osaka. — A  day  spent  in  visiting  the 
points  of  Christian  interest  in  Osaka  reminds  one  of  the  pic- 
tures painted  to  the  imagination  by  the  accounts  in  the  book 
of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  We  go  to  St.  John's  Church  of 
a  Sunday  morning,  find  a  Sunday  School  in  session  before  the 
morning  service,  and  join  with  the  Rev.  Mr.  Minagawa  in  the 
Holy  Communion  which  follows.  Then  to  the  orphanage 
maintained  by  the  Woman's  Society  of  this  parish,  with  its 
nineteen  children  in  the  house,  who  went  without  their  break- 
fast every  day  one  Lent  as  a  part  of  their  self-denial,  sending 
half  of  the  amount  thereby  saved  to  the  Japanese  Missionary 
Society's  work  in  the  island  of  Formosa.  We  are  tendered 
one  day  a  reception  at  Christ  Church  Parish  House,  and  meet 
in  informal  worship  and  friendly  intercourse  forty  or  fifty 
men,  women,  and  children,  whose  affectionate  interest  and 
hospitality  are  affecting.  Later  in  this  day  there  is  another 
reception  at  the  house  of  one  of  the  missionaries,  to  which  all 


TAPAN    AND    THE    Niri'ON    SF.I    K«iK\VAI 


the  Christian  missionaries  in  the  cit>-  arc  inxitcd.  and  whicli  is 
a  delightful  occasion  of  the  one  communion  and  fellowship  in 
the  mystical  body  "of  God's  Son.  Christ  our  Lord."  One 
morning  is  devoted  to  a  series  of  visits  in  turn  to  the   training 


OLD    MATMON    OF    ST.    .[OII.N  S    OHlMIANAfiK 

school  for  Bible  \\'(Mncn,  to  a  service  and  instruction  for  them 
at  Christ  Church,  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Tyng 
and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Naide,  to  an  impromjitu  service,  address, 
and  reception  at  St.  Paul's  Church,  under  the  care  of  Mr. 
Chickashige,  who  makes  a  warm  address  of  welcome  ;  and  then 


58  JAPAN    AND    TIIK    NII'I'ON    SEI    KOKWAI 

to  one  after  another  of  a  number  of  Christian  schools  and 
centres  connected  with  the  various  mission  boards  ;  all  going 
to  show  how  vigorously  Christ  is  being  preached  to  the  enter- 
prising multitudes  of  Osaka.  Of  particular  interest  are  the 
Presbyterian  Girl's  School  under  the  care  of  Miss  Garvin  and 
her  associates;  the  Church  Missionar)-  Society's  School  for 
Boys  under  the  Rev.  W.  R.  Gray;  the  Bishop  Poole  Memorial 
School  for  Girls,  presided  over  by  Miss  Tristram,  a  daughter 
of  Canon  Tristram,  with  Miss  Fox  as  assistant ;  and  last  but 
not  least  the  Bai  Kwa  ("Plum  Blossom  School")  for  Girls,  of 
which  Miss  Case  and  Miss  Colby  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  are  the 
nursing  mothers. 

The  Widely  Loving-  Society. — No  survey  of  the  founda- 
tions of  Christianity  in  Osaka  would  be  complete  without  a 
visit  to  the  orphanage  carried  on  under  the  name  of  "The 
Widely  Loving  Society."  situated  out  in  the  fields  at  one  side 
of  the  town,  and  reached  by  half  an  hour's  ride  by  "'riksha" 
over  the  narrow  dyked  roads  that  lead  into  the  country  in 
every  direction.  The  story  of  this  little  tender  plant  is  an  in- 
teresting and  promising  illustration  of  the  tendencies  of  the 
Japanese  character  when  it  comes  under  the  power  of 
Christian  truth  and  the  grace  of  God.  There  were  three 
brothers  in  the  city  of  Osaka.  After  the  great  earthquake 
the  oldest  brother  proposed  to  devote  their  patrimony  to 
the  care  of  the  orphans.  To  this  the  third  brother  agreed. 
The  work  was  begun  but  before  it  was  fairly  established  the 
oldest  brother  died.  Then  the  second  brother  entered  objec- 
tions, and  the  work  was  stopped.  Then  the  younger  brother 
"gathered  his  substance  together,"  and  resumed  the  work 
alone.  Alone  he  now  carries  it  on,  with  one  or  two  helpers. 
Farm  produce  and  rope  making  meet  about  one-third  of  the 
annual  expense;  the  rest  comes  from  the  self  sacrifice  and 
giving   of   those    interested.     The    work  is   a    fruit   indeed   of 


JAPAN    AND    THE    NIPPON    SEI    KOKWAI 


59 


Japanese    faith   which   gives  the  greatest   encouragement  for 
the  future  of  Japanese  Christianit}'. 

Nara. — Of  points  of  interest  near  Osaka  by  nt)  means  to 
be  neglected  one  certainly  is  Nara,  with  its  rural  tranquility 
and   quiet   life,  its  delightful   groves  and   ([uaint  old   temples. 


^^i^i-'^fl^ 


LETTER    FKOM    TIIK    SKCKKTAHY    oK    TIIK    .riMOU    Al   \I1,I\I(V,    (ISAKA 

its  tame  and  friendly  deer  and  dripping  fountains,  its  moss- 
covered  stone  lanterns  and  shady  avenues,  its  huge  Buddha, 
larger  than  the  one  at  Kamakoura  though  not  so  fine,  and  its 


6o  JAPAN    AND    TlIK    NI1'1'(JN    SEI    KOKWAI 

lake  of  romance  ;  but  most  of  all  for  us  its  school  for  boys, 
the  "  Private  Nara  Middle  School,"  corresponding  substantially 
to  an  American  high  school,  with  a  five  years  course  and  nine 
teachers,  and  instructing  at  the  time  of  this  visit  a  hundred 
youths  of  the  sterner  sex  in  English,  Chinese,  Mathematics  as 
far  as  Trigonometry,  History,  Physics,  Physiology,  History, 
Botany,  Zoolog}^  Drawing,  Gymnastics,  and  Military  Drill. 
This  was  one  of  the  schools  to  be  most  seriously  affected  by 
the  recent  government  restrictions  with  regard  to  religious  in- 
struction, and  it  is  also  the  school  in  which  the  Brotherhood 
of  St.  Andrew  is  interested,  for  it  is  here  that  their  missionary, 
Mr.  Frank  E.  Wood,  is  stationed,  and  at  last  accounts  was  hard 
at  work,  living  with  his  family  in  a  pleasant  home  a  little  way 
out  of  the  town  under  the  slopes  of  the  hills  which  rise  above 
Nara  and  give  to  it  such  beauty  of  situation.  The  future  of 
this  school  is  somewhat  uncertain,  and  depends  upon  the  atti- 
tude of  the  government,  as  is  also  the  case  with  one  of  the 
departments  of  St.  Paul's  School  at  Tokyo.  There  is  a  church 
and  an  ev*angelistic  work  at  Nara. 

Wakayama. — Of  course  while  we  are  at  Osaka  we  must 
also  take  a  day  to  go  down  to  Wakayama,  a  large  but  quiet 
town  to  the  southwest,  not  many  miles  away,  an  excursion 
comfortably  to  be  accomplished  in  a  single  day,  though  not 
without  some  fatigue.  Up  at  six,  then,  breakfast  at  seven,  'rik- 
sha  at  seven-thirty  to  the  station,  and  ofT  by  rail  over  the 
far  reaching  plain  through  vegetable  gardens,  smells,  a  maze 
of  advertising  signs,  pleasure  grounds,  farms,  and  endless  rice 
fields  laid  out  with  marvelous  engineering  skill  to  secure  ef- 
fective irrigation.  The  farm  houses  look  neat  and  homelike, 
with  walls  often  whitewashed,  the  roofs  brown-tiled,  and  no 
chimneys.  At  the  way  stations  the  good  natured  natives  crowd 
up  to  the  car  windows  and  look  in  upon  the  strangers,  and 
submit  with  many  smiles  and  nods  of  interest  and  approval  to 


JAPAN    AND    THE    NIPI'ON    SKI    KoKWAI  6l 

being  sketched  with  a  hurrying  pencil.  The  train  enters  a 
pretty  and  winding  valley  among  the  hills,  and  at  last  reaches 
its  destination  and  pulls  up  at  the  station,  where  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Andrews  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hayakawa  are  waiting 
for  us  on  the  platform.  The  ubiquitous  'riksha  is  waiting 
too,  and  half  an  hour  or  more  of  riding  behind  the  brown 
and  brawny  back  of  our  "kuruina  man,"  across  fields,  over 
dykes  and  a  bridge  and  a  rix-er,  brings  us  to  the  town  and 
through  its  clean  streets  to  the  native  house  occupied  by  Mr. 
Andrews  with  his  wife  and  his  wife's  niotlier.  It  is  a  gem  of 
a  Japanese  house,  in  the  midst  of  a  Japanese  garden,  looking 
out  from  under  the  trees  over  the  lower  part  of  tlie  town  and 
the  Bay  of  Osaka.  We  all  sit  down  to  tiffin  at  a  little  after 
noon,  then  wander  a  few  moments  in  the  garden,  and  peep  into 
the  garden  and  premises  of  the  next  nearest  neighbor,  a  Presby- 
terian missionary.  Then  off  in  the 'riksha  again  to  survey  Mr. 
Andrews's  and  Mr.  Hayakawa's  parish,  to  look  into  the  snug 
little  Church  of  our  Saviour,  and  to  call  at  Mr.  Hayakawa's 
house  to  see  the  set  of  Communion  vessels  sent  out  a  few 
years  ago  by  an  American  sister  parish;  and  then  back  to  the 
station  and  into  the  train  that  is  to  take  us  home.  l^ut.  sucli 
are  the  occasional  uncertainties  of  Japanese  railways,  that  the 
train  we  had  timed  to  catch  is  "taken  off"  for  that  ilay.  and 
we  have  to  sit  patiently  in  the  station  two  hours  and  a  half 
for  the  next  train  on  the  schedule.  So  out  come  the  sketch 
books  again  and  another  crowd  gathers  arouiul,  and  curiositx" 
and  amusement  are  still  in  order.      So  ])ass  the  (la\'s  in   lapan. 


ISSIONARY  TABLE. 


The  following  tables  give  approximately  the  organization, 
personnel,  and  property  representing  the  American  Church 
Mission  in  Japan,  the  same  constituting  organically  and  ca- 
nonically  a  division  of  the  Nippon  Sei  Kokvvai. 

Staff. 

Bishops,  2;  Resigned  Bishop,  i  ;  Presbyters  (foreign,  16;  Japanese,  12), 
28;  Deacons  (Japanese,  6;  foreign  3),  9.  Candidates  for  Holy  Orders,  16; 
Missionary  Physician  (foreign),  2  ;  Foreign  Teachers  and  Workers,  men,  3  ; 
women,  including  wives  of  missionaries,  28;  Catechists  (Japanese),  46; 
Bible-readers  (Japanese),  19,  and  teachers  (Japanese),  80. 

Besides  these,  eleven  men  and  women  are  employed  in  mission  work 
through  Miss  Perry.  Seven  of  the  before-mentioned  Japanese  workers,  in 
addition  to  the  eleven  employed  by  Miss  Perry,  draw  no  salary  from  the 
mission.     Dr.  Osada,  a  Japanese  practitioner,  serves  the  mission  gratuitously. 

Missioiary  Jurisdiction  of  Tokyo. 


The  Rt.  Rev.  JOHN  MCKlM,  D.  D., 
Missionary  Bishop,  Tokyo,  Japan. 

tThe  Rev.  Arthur  R.  Morris,  Yoko- 
hama. 

The  Rev.  E.  R.  Woodman.  (In  the 
United  States.) 

The  Rev.  Masakazu  Tai,  Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  H.  S.  Jefferys,  Sendai. 

The  Rev.  Arthur  Lloyd,  Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  James  Chappell,  Maye- 
bashi. 

The  Rev.  Charles  H.  Evans,  Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  Yoshimichi  Sugiura,  PH.D., 
Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  Joseph  S.  Motoda,  PH.D., 
Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  Jacob  H.  Kobayashi,  To- 
kyo. 

The  Rev.  Kalichiro  Seita,  Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  Charles  F.  Sweet,  Tokyo. 


The  Rev.  J.  K.  Ochiai,  Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  George  Wallace,  Tokyo. 

The  Rev.  B.  T.  Sakai. 

The  Rev.   Sakko  Kurubara,  Tokyo. 

Mr.  Rudolf  B.  Tuesler,  Tokyo. 

Prof.  James  McD.  Gardiner,  Tokyo. 

Mr,  Stephen  H.  Cartwright,  Tokyo. 

Mrs.  McKim,  Tokyo. 

Mrs.  Woodman,     (in  the  U.  S.) 

Mrs.  Gardiner.  Tokyo. 

Mrs.  Dooman,  Tokyo. 

Mrs.  Jefferys,  Sendai. 

Mrs.  Andrews. 

Mrs.  Chappell,  Mayebashi. 

Mrs.  Sweet,  Tokyo. 

ttMrs.  Smith. 

Mrs.  Wallace.     Cln  the  U.  S.) 

Mrs.  Tuesler,  Tokyo. 

Miss  Lisa  Loveil.     (In  England.) 

Miss  Irene  P.  Mann,  Aomori. 


JAI'AN    AND    THE    XirrON    SEI    KOKWAI 


63 


ttThe  Rev.  W.  Frank  Madeley,  Hi- 
rosaki. 

The  Rev.  Kiimazo  Mikami,  Deacon, 
San  Francisco,  California. 

I  he  Rev.  P.  Otozo  Yamagata,  Dea- 
con.    (On  leave.) 

The  Rev.  J.  K.  Ban,  Oji. 

The  Rev.  Robert  W.  Andrews,  Mito. 

The  Rev.  Allen  W.  Cooke. 

The  Rev.  John  A   Welbourn. 

The  Rev.    H.   St.   George  Tucker, 
Tokyo. 

ESTIMATED  VALUE  OF 


+  Miss  A.  M.  Perry,  Tokyo. 
Miss  Berta  R.  Babcock,  Aomori. 
ttMiss  F.  M.  Bristowe,  B.  A.,  Tokyo. 
ttMiss  J.  Kimball,  Tokyo. 
ttMiss  E.  McRae.     (On  leave.) 
Miss  Clara  J.  Neeley. 
Miss  A.  Theodora  Wall. 

tThese  are   not    supported    by    the 

Board. 
ttEmployed  in  the  field. 

AMSSION   PROPERTY. 


TOKYO  AND  VICINITY. 
Trinity  Church,  Tsukiji  and  lot  No.  39,     .  Si4,oco  00 

Trinity  Parish  House  and  lot  No.  54,  4.800  00 

St.  John's  Church,  Asakusa, 650  00 

Shinko  ("  True  Light")  Chapel,  at  Great  Bridge,    .  400  00 

Christ  Chapel,  in  Kanda 2.100  00 

St.  Paul's  College,  Tokyo,  5  lots  and  Dormitory,      .  12,000  00 

St.  Luke's  Hospital, 5,000  00 

Trinity  Divinity  and  Catechetical  School,  Dormitories, 

Theological  Hall  and  Library  and  lot  No.  53,       .  10,000  00 

St.  Margaret's  School  building  and  lot  No.  26.  Tsukiji,  4,200  00 

Dwelling-house  No.  25,  Tsukiji,         ....  3,200  00 

Dwelling-house  No.  38,  Tsukiji,         "...  3,200  00 

Dwelling-house  No.  40.  Tsukiji,         ....  3,200  00 

Dwelling-house  No.  56,  Tsukiji,         .        .        .        .  3,^00  00 

Buildings  and  lots,  Young  Ladies'  Seminary,  Bancho,  10,000  00 

Mayebashi,  lot  and  residence, 1. goo  00 

St.  James's  Chapel  and  School,  Asakusa,          .        .  600  00 

AOMORI. 
Chapel  and  Parish  Building, 

Mlssi()ii<rr]'  Jiiris</ic/ioii  of  Kyoto. 


$78,850  00 


1,200  00 


The  Rt.  Rev.  SIDNEY  CATLIN 
Partridge,  D.  D.,  Missionary 
Bishop,  Kyoto. 

The  Rt.  Rev.  C  M.  Williams,  D.  D., 
Osaka. 


The   Re\-.    Hisanojo   Oka,   Deacon, 

Miyadzu. 
The  Rev.   Ikuzo   Tagawa,   Deacon, 

Kyoto. 
The  Rew  Henry  G.  l.imric,  Kyoto. 


6+ 


JAl'AN    AND     rilK    N I  PI'(JN    SKI    KOKVVAI 


The  Rev.  Theodosius  Tviig,  Nara. 
Tlie  Rev.  John  C.  Ambler,  Osaka. 
The  Rev.  Isaac  Dooman,  Kanazawa. 
The  Rev.  J.  Lindsay  f^atton,  Kyoto. 
The  Rev.   Ambrose   D.  Gring.     (In 

the  U.  S.) 
The  Rev.  Teruo  Minagawa,  Osaka. 
The    Rev.    Toshizumi    Chikashige, 

Osaka. 
The  Rev.  Yasutaro  Naide,  Osaka. 
The  Rev.  Hisakichi  Yamabe,Obama. 
The  Rev.  Tasuku  Yamada,  Sakai. 
Tlie  Rev.  Kishiro  Hayakawa,  Wa- 

kayama. 


The  Rev.  James  J. Chapman,  Osaka. 
Henry   Laning,   M.    D.,    Missionary 

Physician,  Osaka. 
tMr.  Frank  E.  Wood,  Nara. 
Mrs.  Tyng.     (In  Germany.) 
Mrs.  Ambler,  Osaka. 
Mrs.  Patton,  Kyoto. 
Miss     Emma     Williamson,    Waka- 

yama. 
Mrs.  Gring.     (In  the  U.  S.) 
Miss  Leila  Bull,  Kyoto. 
Miss  Martha  Aldrich,  Kyoto. 
Miss  Georgiana  Suthon,  Kanazawa. 


ESTIMATED  VALUE  OF  MISSION   PROPERTY. 


KYOTO. 
Holy  Trinity  Church, 
St.  Agnes's  School  buildings, 
Rectory,       .... 


OSAKA  AND  VICINITY. 
St.  Timothy's  Chapel,  lot  No.  21,       . 

Lot  No.  6,  Concession, 

St.  Barnabas's  Hospital  and  lot  No.  8.  Concession, 
Dwelling-house  and  lot  No   5,  Concession. 
Dwelling-house  and  lot  No.  7,  Concession, 
Dwelling-house  and  lot  No.  27,  Concession, 

Holy  Comforter  Chapel, 

Summer  residence  at  Arima,        .... 


S8,ooo  00 

15,770  00 

4,400  00 


1,500  00 
1,760  00 
5,200  00 
2,500  00 
2,600  00 
2,500  00 
Sqo  00 
300  00 


5,170  00 


NARA. 
Dwelling-house  and  lot, 
Nara  School  buildings  (rented  land), 
Nara,  one  lot,       .... 


2,000  00 
3,800  00 
1,500  00 


Kanazawa. 
O.ie  lot, 
Obama. 

St.  Luke's  Church, 


Grand  Total  both  Dioceses  in  United  States  Gold  Dollars, 


17,250  00 

—     7,300  00 

500  00 

1,200  00 
$134,470  00 


MISCELLANY. 

A  Year's  Work. — The  following  paragraphs  are  from  the 
last  Annual  Report  of  the  Hoard  on  Foreign  Missions: 

In  the  Missionary  District  of  Tokyo  there  were  3.920 
public  services  held  during  the  year  at  thirty-four  churches, 
chapels  and  preaching  places,  with  an  average  attendance  of 
606  Japanese  and  sixty-six  Europeans  and  Americans.  The 
baptisms  for  the  year  numbered  147,  of  whom  105  were  Japanese 
adults,  and  the  confirmations  116.  There  are  956  Japanese 
communicants  and  fifty-seven  Americans  and  Europeans. 
There  are  1,030  day-pupils,  212  boarding,  and  1,329  Sunday- 
School  scholars.  The  total  contribution  was  3,326,  25  Mexi- 
can dollars.  1 

In  the  Missionary  District  of  Kyoto,  the  total  statistics 
for  the  year  are  as  follows:  Public  services  held  5,085  in  35 
churches,  chapels,  and  preaching  places;  average  attendance, 
Japanese  568,  foreigners,  15;  baptisms,  adults,  104,  children. 
52  ;  confirmations,  92  ;  communicants,  Japanese,  789,  foreigners, 
19;  marriages,  i  I  ;  deaths,  30;  scholars,  day,  49O,  boarding,  107, 
Sunday,  693;  contributions,  jwj/  2,979.14.- 

^'Have  we  a  Mission  in  Japan ?^ — This  question  has  been 
seriously  asked  witliin  a  short  tiine  by  an  intelligent  member 
of  the  American  Church.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  that 
the  answer  is — "We  have,"  and  a  very  much  alive  mission  it 
is,  and  it  is  doing  a  work  of  which  American  Ciiurchmen 
should  be  proud  and  for  which  the\-  should  be  thankful,  and 
which  they  should  have  in  their  knowledge  and  in  their 
prayers,  and  remember  with  their  gifts,  and  with  their  visits 
when  they  go  to  Japan. 

The  Japanese  Prayer  Book. — This  is  piintcil  in  more  than 
one    form,    there    being   editions    in    tile    Japanese  character. 

'  Tilt'  value  of  tlie  Mcxiciii  doll.ir  is  about  50  cents  American. 
^  About  $1,339. 30  in  American  money. 


66  jAI'AN    AND    TIIK    NIl'I'CJN    SKI    KOKWAI 

which  is  the  Chinese  character,  and  one  transliterated  into  the 
Roman  alphabet,  which,  with  a  little  practice  can  be  read, 
stumblingly  at  least,  by  one  unacquainted  with  the  native  char- 
acter.    The  hymnal  is  printed  in  the  same  Romanized  form. 

A  Meeting  of  a  Synod. — Shall  we  look  in  on  one  of  the  meet- 
ings of  one  of  the  diocesan  synods?  Not  the  general  synod 
of  the  whole  Nippon  Sei  Kokwai,  but  that  of  one  of  the  dioceses, 
or  missionary  districts  or  jurisdictions.  It  opens  of  course  with 
the  Celebration  of  the  Holy  Communion  in  the  Cathedral, 
the  "foreign"  bishop  being  the  celebrant,  a  native  Japanese 
priest  reading  the  Epistle,  and  a  "foreign"  priest  the  Gospel. 
The  sermon  is  preached  by  a  native  presbyter.  The  whole 
service  is  in  Japanese.  After  the  service  the  synod  organizes 
for  business.  The  bishop  presides.  The  two  secretaries  are 
Japanese.  There  are  present,  we  may  say,  thirteen  clergy- 
men, eight  catechists,  and  thirteen  lay-delegates.  Routine 
business  is  transacted,  and  a  Standing  Committee  is  elected. 
This  Standing  Committee  is  composed  entirely  of  Christian 
Japanese. 

**Th.c  Church  in  Japan.^ — Everybody  interested  in  Chris- 
tian Missions  in  Japan  ought  to  be  a  subscriber  to,  or  at  least 
a  reader  of,  "The  Church  in  Japan,"  the  monthly  magazine 
edited  by  the  Rev.  Charles  H.  Evans,  at  54  Tsukiji,  Tokyo, 
and  published  as  the  "Ofificial  Organ  of  the  Missionary  Dis- 
tricts of  Tokyo  and  Kyoto."  It  is  a  "Spirit  of  Missions" 
for  Japan,  and  is  full  of  information  respecting  the  field  and 
the  work,  the  difficulties,  the  encouragements,  the  successes 
and  the  needs.  This  useful  publication  is  a  good  specimen  of 
American  editing  in  a  foreign  atmosphere,  of  Japanese  typo- 
graphy in  a  "foreign"  language,  and  of  the  function  of  jour- 
nalism in  the  east,  and  deserves  the  hearty  support  of  Ameri- 
can Christians.  Its  agent  in  our  country  is  Mr.  F.  C.  More- 
house, the  Young  Churchman  Co.,  Mihvaukee,  Wisconsin. 


SOME  GENERAL  IMPRESSIONS. 

Japan  has  no  Lord's  Day,  to  speak  of,  and  foreigners, 
wliether  residents  or  visitors,  except  within  the  missionary 
circle,  do  not  as  a  rule  do  as  much  as  they  might  to  help  on 
the  recognition  and  observance  of  tlie  Christian  Day  of  Rest. 
At  least  travel  and  sight  seeing  might  be  suspended  on  that 
day  to  the  obvious  advantage  of  the  growth  of  a  great  and 
fundamental  Christian   institution. 

The  signs  of  French  and  German  influence  upon  the  de- 
velopment of  the  national  mind  and  habit  are  manifest  on 
every  side,  French  influence  upon  the  social  life,  German  upon 
the  organic  and  official. 

Rice  culture  is  the  great  agricultural  industry  of  the 
people. 

There  is  no  pasturage  in  Japan  in  the  American  sense, 
though  there  are  two  large  dairy  farms.  There  is  grass,  but  it 
is  not  esculent,  and  cattle,  milk,  cream,  and  butter,  are  conse- 
quently rare  objects. 

Native  men  servants  in  Japan  are  not  altogether  satisfac- 
tory, far  less  so  than  in  China,  but  the  women  ser\ants  are 
capable  and  pleasant. 

The  youthful  appearance  of  all  men   is  a  striking  feature. 

Horses  and  all  beasts  of  burden  are  conspicuous  e\ery- 
\\here  by  their  absence. 

One  is  struck  by  the  stillness  of  life  in  the  great  cities, 
and  of  course  in  the  country.       Japan  is  "a  Laiul  of  SiU-nce." 

The  national  foot-wear — a  sort  of  high-geared  wootlen 
clog — would  seem  to  ha\'c  jiroduced  a  sort  of  national  sluiHl- 
ing  gait,  especially  with  the  women,  which  is  not  graceful. 

Large  quantities  of  "red  tape"  arc  useil  in  jajjan.  Si>me 
of    it    is  of   the   imported   variety  and    will   be   recognized   by 


fAI'AN    AND    THK    MI'I'ON    SEI    KOKWAI 


69 


those  who  are  used  to  the  article  at  home;  but  much  has  been 
devised  and  is  manufactured  by  the  Japanese  themselves. 

Good  nature  prevails. 

There  are  no  "saloons"   in  Jap.iii  of  the  American  type. 

The  orderliness  of  the  people  in  public  is  invariable  and 
most  creditable.  None  of  the  rough  "horse  play"  that  often 
disfigures  and  disgraces  gatherings  of  the  people  in  .\merica  is 
seen  in  Japan. 

It  must  be  borne  in  miiul  by  every  reader  of  this  little 
sketcli  that  it  has  been  written  in  tlie  glow  of  first  impressions 
and  under  the  spell  of  happy  memories.  It  is  tiierefore  prob- 
ably subject  to  some  corrections,  certainly  to  readjustments  of 
proportion  and  perspective,  in  order  to  a  full  and  just  idea  of 
the  real  Japan  and  our  Church  work  there.  It  is  only  a  begin- 
ning, an  incentive.  If  it  shall  induce  any  one  to  read  some- 
tiiing  more  sufficient,  better  still  to  go  to  Japan  and  see  the 
country  and  the  Christian  work  for  one's  self,  best  of  all  to  go 
there  to  live  and  labor  for  the  evangelization  of  the  people, 
its  aim  will  be  accomplished.      May  God   bless   it   to  this  end. 


"SOME  THINGS  JAPANESE." 

In  pronouncing  Japanese  words  every  vovvelled  syllable  is 
sounded,  and  every  vowel  is  sounded  lonc^ ;  thus:  a,  ah  ;  e,  d; 
i,  e;  o,  o/i ;  u,  oo— not  jyezv. 

In  Japanese  words  of  two  or  more  syllables,  where  two 
consonants  come  together,  each  consonant  must  have  its  full 
value,  the  voice  lingering  a  little  on  the  first  of  the  two  as  it 
glides  to  the  second,  so  as  not  to  slight  it.  It  is  like  a  little 
touch  of  national  courtesy  for  a  letter  that  might  otherwise  be 
overlooked  and  not  get  its  full  rights.  Thus ;  in  "  Nikko ;"  not 
Niko,  but  Nik-ko;  in  "  motte,"  not  mote,  but  viot-te;  in  "  Has- 
saki,"  not  Hasaki,  but  Has-saki. 

As  far  as  possible  no  accent  is  bestowed  in  pronouncing 
Japanese  words.  Each  syllable  should  receive  just  as  much 
emphasis  as  and  no  more  than  any  other. 

"Kurama"  is  the  Japanese  name  for  the  jinrikisha. 
The  monetary   unit  is  ther^v/  or  silver  dollar,  the  value 
of  which  approximately  and   for  purposes  of  exchange  is    50 
cents  American   money,   or  two   shillings   English.     One  yen 
contains  100  se)i  or  cents;    i  sen  contains  10  ri)i. 

Distances  are  reckoned  in  ;■/  and  cho.  One  ri  is  equal  to 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  English;   36  clio  make  one  ri. 

The    unit   of  land   measure  is  the  tsubo,  equal  to  about  4 
square  yards  English.     An  acre  contains  about  1,200  tsiibo. 
How  do  you  do?  Konnichi  Wal 

Good  morning.  Ohayo. 

Thank  you.  Arigato. 

I  do  not  understand.  Wakarimasen. 

No  thank  3'ou.  Mo  takusan. 

Where  is  (it)?  Doko  desu  ka? 

Good  bye.  Sayonara. 


TAl'AX    AND    Till-.    MI'ToN    >\A     KoKWAl 


REFERENCES. 

For  further  details  of  the  history  uii.i  :.v//.-  af  tb.  :7^ipfioii  Sei  k'ok-uai  see  : 
'  Digest  of  the  S.  P.  G- 

Annual  Report,  S.  P.  G. 

The  Mission  Field. 

The  Gospel  Missionary. 

Historical  Sketch  No.  ii.     id. 

Missionary  Reward  Book  Story  19.     id.  . 

History  of  the  C.  M.  S. 

The  C.  M.  S.  intelligencer. 

The  Missionary  Gleaner. 

Annual  Report,  C.  M.  S. 

The  Publications  on  Japan  given  in  the  Church  Missions  Pub.  Co. 's  list. 
For  general  introduction  to  subject  : 

History  of  Japan,  Story  of  Nations  Series. 

Japan  and  Its  Regeneration,  Student  Volunteer  Mo\ement. 

Tristam,  Canon  H.  B.     Rambles  in  Japan.     R.  C.  Tract  Soc. 

Bickersteth,  M.     Japan  As  We  Saw  It.     S.  Low  &  Co. 

On  the  whole  the  best  all  round  book  on  Japan  is  Rev. 
Dr.  WilHam  EHot  Griffis's  The  Mikado  s  Empire.  The  Japa- 
nese themselves  give  it  this  praise,  notwithstanding  the  plain- 
ness with  which  it  scores  them. 


LION    GU.\IU>I.^N9   OF   THK   «;ATK,    .I.\P.\N 


ROUND  ROBIN,  PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY 

SKKIES      KIHST 

The  Mission  Field 

2.  WESTP:I{N  missions,  by  the  Rkv.  Antiiox  T.  Gesnek. 

3.  JAPAN,  by  the  Rev.  Elliston  J.  Pekot. 

4.  CHINA,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  S.  C.  Paktkidge  and  others. 
6.     AFRICA.  !i  compilation  from  various  sources. 

9.     INDIAN  MISSIONS,  Part  IT.,  THE  SIOUX  OF  SOUTH  DAKOTA, 
by  the  liEV.  Anthon  T.  Gesneh 

10.  DIOCESAN  MISSIONS,  by  the  Rev.  T.  M.  Peck  and  others. 

11.  INDIAN    MISSIONS.    Part   III.,    by    Bishop    pyrnELBEirr    Talbot 

and  the  Rev.  H.  L.  Burleson. 

12.  CHURCH  SCHOOLS  IN  THE  WEST,  by  the  Rev.  A.  T.  Gesner. 

13.  THE    BEGINNINGS    OF    THE    CHURCH   IN   CALIFORNIA,  by 

Bishop  Nichols. 

14.  INDIAN  MISSIONS,  Part  IV,  by  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Crook. 

15.  NASHOTAH  HOUSE,  by  tlie  Rev.  Prof   W.  W.  Webb. 

17.     AMERICAN    PILGRIMS    IN  CHINA,    by   the  Rt.    Rkv.  Sidney  C. 
Partridge,  Bishop  of  Kyoto.      In  two   parts,   10  cents  each. 
lO  cents  ettch,     I'4  numbers  for  $I.OO. 


SERIES      SECOND 

Stories  from  the  Mission  Field 

1.  AUNT  SALLY,  by  Mrs.  Buford,  of  Lawrenceville,  Va. 

2.  DESTCHEWA,  THE  YOUNG  ARAPAHOE,  by  Rev.  John  Roberts. 

3.  ANGELIQUE,  by  Miss  Amelia  Ives,  St.  Mary's  School,  Rosebud,  S.  D 

4.  A  VISIT  TO  ST.  AUGUSTINE'S  SCHOOL,  by  Miss  Phcebe  D.  Natt. 
«.  OPITCHI  BIMISAY,  by  Miss  Sybil  Carter,  Deaconess. 

7.  IN  THE  EVERGLADES  OF  SOUTHERN  FLORIDA,  by  Bp.  Gray. 

8.  A  VISIT  TO  NGANKING.  by  the  Bishop  of  Shanghai. 

9.  MISSION  LIFE  AT  POINT  HOPE.  ALASKA,  by  Dr.  J.  B.  Driggs. 

10.  TWO  FOUR-FOOTED  MISSIONARIES,  by  Bishop  Whipple,  etc. 

11.  ROSETTA,  by  Miss  E.  Wheeler.     (Southern  Pines,  N.  C.) 

12.  ONE  OF  OUR  GIRLS,  by  Bishop  Wells  and  Mrs.  H.  M   Bartlett. 

13.  A  HILL-TOP  PAIilSH.  by  Samuel  Hart,  D.  D.     (For  older  Juniors). 

14.  JUANCITO,  by  Belle  G.  Merrylees. 

15.  SOME  LITTLE  FOLK  OF   ST.    AUGUSTINE'S  KINDERGARTEN. 

by  Mrs.    A.    B     Hunter. 

5  cents  each,     lii  numbers  for  SO  cents. 

lf>.     THE  JOURNEYINGS  OF  A  JUNIOR:  or.  What  a  Little   Girl  Saw 

in  Far  Japan,  by  K.  S.  F.     (  Special  Number.)     Price  20  cents. 
17      A  PI(;TURE  book  FROM  ALASKA.     Price  10  cents. 
18.     NEBUCHADNEZZAR,  by  Miss  Oakley.     Price  5  cents. 

19  LITTLE   PEOPLE  OF  ONEIDA.     Price  10  cents. 

20  LIFE  IN  ANVIK.  by  Mrs.  John  W.  Chapman. 


SEUIKS     TIlIliD 

Missions  of  the  Church  of  England 

2  and  3.     THE   S.  P.  G.  IN  THE  AMEHK'AN  COLONIES,  by  the  Hev, 
Joseph  Hooper.  Part»  I.  and  II.     Price.  10  cmis  each. 


•SOLDIER  AND  SERVANT  SERIES 

Pioneers  and  Leaders  of  the  Church  in  Great  Britain  and  America . 

L  JOHN  KEBLE,  by  the  Rev.Walkek  GwYNNE.     10  cents, 

la.  BISHOP  PATTESON,  by  Bishop  R.  W.  B.  Elliott.     5  cents. 

2.  GEORGE  KEITH,  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Hooper.     10  cents. 

3.  ST.  AIDAN,  by  Bishop  Doane  of  Albany.     10  cents. 

4.  ST.   COLUMBA,  by  Bishop  Nichols  of  California.     10  cents. 

5.  DR.  WILLIAM  CROSWELL.  by  tlie  Rev.  S.  F.  Hotchki.n.     10  cents. 

6.  RECOLLECTIONS  OF  BISHOP  HOBART.  by  Bishop  Coxe.    5  cent  . 
6h.  ST.  WULSTAN,  by  Miss  Katharine  F.  Jackson.     10  cents. 

7.  ARCHBISHOP  CRANMER  AND  THE  PRAYER  BOOK,  by  the 

Rev.  Samuel  Hart,  Custodian  of  the  Standard  Prayer  liook.     10c. 
8      MARTYRS  OF  THE  REFORMATION,  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Ferot- 

SON.  M.  A.     10  cents. 
9.     DR.  SAMUEL  JOHNSON,  by  the  Rev.  G.  D.  Johnson,  D.  D.     10  cents. 

10.  BISHOP  WHITE  OF  PENN..  by  the  Rev.  S.  R.  Colladav.     10  cents 

11.  BISHOP  MEBER  IN  INDIA.     10  cents. 

12.  BISHOP  BERKELEY,  by  Edwin  B.  Woodruff.     10  cents. 

13.  BISHOP  ACER  OF  CAPE  PALMAS.  by  Miss  M.  T.  Emery.     lOc. 

14.  ST.    ALBAN,    by  The  Editor  of  "  Cantica  Sanctorum";  and  ST. 

AUGUSTINE,  by  Katil\rine  Frances  Jackson.     iO  cents. 

15.  BISHOP  FEILD  OF  NEWFOUNDLAND,  by  Julia  C.  Emery.  10c. 

16.  BISHOP  PHILANDER  CJIASE,  a  sketch  by  his  granddaughter.  10c. 

17.  ST.    PATRICK  AND  THE  CHURCH  OF  IRELAND,  by    the  Rev. 

Walker  Gwynne.     10  cents. 
\^.     I'lLKINGTON  OF  UGANDA,  with  map,  compiled  by  C.  B.  B.     10c. 

19.  EARLY  MARTYRS  OF  JAPAN,  by  P   O.  YAMA(JArA.     10  cents. 

20.  BISHOP  HA  NNINGTON.     By  Emma  C.  Gilman.     10  cents. 

21  QUEEN  BEHTIIA  OF  KENT,  hy  Edith  M.  Chase      10  cents. 

22  GENERAL  GORDON,   by  the  Rev.   Henry   W.  Littlk.     10  cents. 
2;;.     BIVOUACING  IN  THE  BOLAN  PASS,  by  the  Rev.  A.  R.   Maiduff, 

Chaplain  to  the  late  Bishoi)  French  of  Lahore. 
$  LOO  Subscribers  will  each  receive  a  copy  of  12  numbers,  as  issued. 
Special  reduction  to  Sunday  Schools  and  Societies  on  wholesale  orders. 

Zmcc  Broun^  the  lQolI^  '''J:l:;;.^s'L^\:^';\^^u:^.^^■ 

Used  in  iti.-my  Mission  Study  Cl.'isscs  .'is  :i  lo.xt-liook,  ii  cli.-iptcT  licitiK  read  at  cjich 
nici-linj;.  difl'crcMit  nicnilii-rs  of  tin-  cLiss  adding  whatever  I'liriher  intorination  lliey 
can  obtain  aLout  the  speeial  eotintry  referred  to. 


ZbC  HDiSSiOnarV  XeaflCt  ^"  i'l "stilted  lesso,.  pap.T  for  the  use 
^  or    biuidiiy    Schools    and    Missionary 

C^lasscs;  issued  monthly.  Annual  suhscripiion  for  the  twelve  numbers,  post- 
paid, 15  cents.  Ten  or  more  copies  to  one  address,  annual  subscription  10 
cents.     Single  number,  post-paids  H  cents. 

SKKIKS    r 

The  Missionary  Chain. 

I.  The  Missionary  Chain. 

II.  What  is  Missionary  Work  ? 

Ill  Founding  of  the  Church  in  Our  Land. 

IV.  Growth  of  the  Church  in  the  United  States. 

V.  Our  Indian  Missions. 

VI.  Our  Missions  to  the  Colored  People. 
VII  Our  Mission  in  Liberia 

VIII.  Our  Mission  in  China. 

IX.  Church  Schools  in  the  Mission  Field. 

X.  Church  Hospitals  in  the  Mission  Field. 
XI  Our  Mission  in  Japan. 

XIL      City  Missions. 

The  Set,  one  copy  each,  15  cents. 


Salt  Lake,    Part  II  (Nevada  and 

West.  Colo.) 
Oklahoma  and  Indian  Territory. 
Boise. 
Alaska. 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 
How  the  Church   Has   Grown  in 

Our  Land. 
Sacramento. 

Some  Missionary  Dioceses. 
Church  Conventions  and  Canons 
Western  Missionary  districts 


SERIES   III. 

Missions  of  the  Church  of  England. 


SERIES    II 

The  Mi 

issionary 

No. 

Xo. 

1. 

Asheville. 

11. 

2 

Southern  Florida. 

3. 

Western  Texas. 

12. 

4. 

Montana, 

13. 

5. 

Spokane. 

14. 

6. 

Laramie  (in  preparation) 

15. 

7. 

Duluth 

17. 

8. 

South  Dakota. 

9. 

Olympia 

18. 

10. 

North  Dakota 

19. 

11. 

Salt  Lake. 

20. 
21. 

The  Set, 

one  copy  eac 

No. 
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 


Xo. 

Beginnings  of  Modern  Missions.  10. 

Uganda.  11. 

Some  Missions  in  Canada.  12. 

South  Africa  13 

Early  Missions  in  India.  14. 

India  and  Ceylon.  15. 

New  Zealand.  16. 

Madagascar.  17. 

Zanzibar  and  Likoma — Part  I.  18. 


Zanzibar  and  Likoma — Part  II. 

New  South  Wales— Part  I. 

Norfolk  Island. 

New  South  Wales — Part  II 

Sierra  Leone 

West  Equatorial  Africa 

The  West  Indies— Part  I 

Mauritius. 

The  West  Indies— Pari  II. 


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